İngilizce Meal — Rowad Tercüme Merkezi — Al-A'raf 7:1 – Al-Hijr 15:99

Alif Lām Mīm Sād[1]. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

This is a Book that has been sent down to you [O Prophet], so do not let your heart be troubled by it; so that you may warn thereby and as a reminder to the believers.

Follow [O mankind] what has been sent down to you from your Lord, and do not follow any guardians besides Him. Little it is that you take heed!

How many towns We have destroyed, and Our punishment came upon them at night or while they were taking midday rest.

Their only cry, when Our punishment came upon them, was, “We were indeed wrongdoers.”

So We will surely question those to whom the messengers were sent, and We will surely question the messengers themselves.

Then We will surely give them a full account [of their deeds] on the basis of knowledge, for We were never absent.

The weighing [of deeds] on that Day will be true and just. Those whose scales [of good deeds] are heavy, it is they who will be successful.

But those whose scales are light, it is they who have lost their own souls, because they wrongfully rejected Our verses.

We established you on earth and provided you with means of livelihood therein. Little do you give thanks.

We surely created you, then shaped you, then We said to the angels, “Prostrate before Adam,” so they prostrated, except Iblīs [i.e., Satan], who was not one of those who prostrated[2]. ——— [2] See 2:34.

Allah said, “What prevented you from prostrating when I ordered you?” He said, “I am better than him; You created me from fire and created him from clay.”

Allah said, “Then get down from here! It is not for you to show arrogance[3] here. Get out, for you are one of the disgraced.” ——— [3] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “None who has a mote’s weight of arrogance in his heart shall enter Paradise.” [Muslim: 91].

He said, “Grant me respite until the Day they are resurrected.”

Allah said, “You are of those who are granted respite”.

He said, “Since You have led me astray[4], I will certainly lie in wait for them on Your straight path. ——— [4] By citing predestination (al-qadar), Satan sets the record for being the first to use al-qadar as a pretext for not following Allah’s command (al-’amr) as an excuse to justify his rebelliousness against Him.

Then I will come against them from their front and from their back, from their right and from their left[5], and You will not find most of them grateful.” ——— [5] This shows how purposeful and determined Satan really is in his mission. Such an enemy should be guarded against with constant vigilance.

Allah said, “Get out of here, disgraced and expelled! I will certainly fill Hell with you and those who follow you all together.”

“O Adam, dwell in Paradise, you and your wife, and eat from wherever you wish, but do not approach this tree, or else you will both be among the wrongdoers.”

Then Satan whispered to them in order to expose what was hidden from them of their private parts. He said, “Your Lord has only forbidden to you this tree to prevent you from becoming angels or immortals.”

And he swore to them, “I am indeed your sincere adviser.”

So he deluded them both with deception. When they tasted the tree, their private parts became visible to them, so they began to put together leaves of the Garden to cover themselves. Their Lord called them, “Did I not forbid you from that tree and tell you that Satan is your sworn enemy?”

They said, “Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves; if You do not forgive us and have mercy upon us, we will surely be among the losers.”

Allah said, “Get down as enemies to one another. You will find a dwelling place on earth and provision for an appointed time.”

He said, “There you will live, and there you will die, and from there you will be raised again.”

O children of Adam, We have given you garments that cover your private parts and as an adornment. However, the garment of piety – that is best. That is one of the signs of Allah, so that they may take heed.

O children of Adam, do not let Satan seduce you as he caused your parents to be expelled from the Garden, stripping them of their garments and making their private parts visible to them. He and his offspring see you from where you cannot see them. We have made devils allies to those who disbelieve.

When they commit a shameful act[6], they say, “We found our forefathers doing it, and Allah has enjoined it upon us.” Say, “Allah never enjoins shameful acts. Do you say about Allah something of which you have no knowledge?” ——— [6] The heathen practice of the Arabs who used to associate others with Allah and circumambulate around the Ka‘bah naked.

Say [O Prophet], “My Lord has enjoined doing what is right; direct your faces [to Him alone] wherever you pray; call upon Him with sincere devotion to Him. Just as He created you first, so you will be brought back to life.”

A group He has guided, and another group deserved to go stray. They have taken devils as their guardians instead of Allah, thinking that they are guided.

O children of Adam, dress well for every prayer[7]. Eat and drink, but do not waste, for He does not like the wasteful. ——— [7] It is obligatory to wear the clothes while praying.

Say, “Who has forbidden the adornments and lawful provisions[8] that Allah has brought forth for His slaves?” Say, “They are for the believers in the life of this world, and they will be exclusively for them on the Day of Resurrection. This is how We make the verses clear for people who have knowledge.” ——— [8] These adornments and lawful provisions may be enjoyed by both the believers and the disbelievers only in this life.

Say, “My Lord has forbidden shameful acts[9] done openly or in secret, sinfulness, unjustified aggression, associating partners with Allah for which He has not sent down any authority, and saying about Allah that of which you have no knowledge.” ——— [9] i.e., all unlawful acts.

Each nation has its appointed time. When their appointed time comes, they cannot delay it for a moment or bring it forward.

O children of Adam, when there come to you messengers from among you, reciting My verses to you – then whoever fears Allah and mends his ways, they will have no fear, nor will they grieve[10]. ——— [10] They need not worry about the future or their past sins.

But those who reject Our verses and show arrogance towards them, they are the people of the Fire, they will abide therein forever.

Who does greater wrong than the one who fabricates lies against Allah or rejects His verses? They will receive the share that is destined for them, until when Our angel-messengers come to take their souls, saying, “Where are those whom you used to invoke besides Allah?” They will say, “They are lost from us,” and they will testify against themselves that they were disbelievers.

Allah will say, “Enter the Fire along with nations of jinn and humans who have passed on before you.” Every time a nation enters, it will curse the preceding one until they are all gathered inside, the followers will say about their leaders, “Our Lord, they have led us astray, so give them a double punishment of the Fire.” He will say, “Each will have a double punishment, but you do not know.”

The leaders will say to their followers, “You were no better than us, so taste the punishment for what you used to do.”

Those who reject Our verses and show arrogance towards them, the gates of heaven will not be opened for them[11], nor will they enter Paradise until a camel can pass through the eye of a needle. This is how We recompense the wicked. ——— [11] The doors of heaven will be shut for them.

Hell will be their resting place and above them will be coverings [of fire]. This is how We recompense the wrongdoers.

As for those who believe and do righteous deeds – We do not burden a soul more than what it can bear – they are the people of Paradise, they will abide therein forever.

We will remove all ill feelings from their hearts[12] and rivers will flow beneath them. They will say, “All praise be to Allah Who has guided us to this, for We would not have been guided to this if Allah had not guided us. The messengers of our Lord came with the truth.” They will be called, “This is Paradise that you are made to inherit for what you used to do.” ——— [12] i.e., all ill thoughts or sense of injury they might have had during worldly life.

The people of Paradise will call out to the people of Hell, “We have surely found our Lord’s promise to be true. Have you also found your Lord’s promise to be true[13]?” They will say, “Yes.” Then a caller will announce among them, “May Allah’s curse be upon the wrongdoers, ——— [13] After enduring ridicule from disbelievers, it is now the turn of believers to ridicule those who hurt them.

those who prevent [people] from the way of Allah, seeking to make it crooked, and who disbelieve in the Hereafter.”

Between them there will be a barrier[14], and on its Heights there will be men[15] who will recognize each group by their marks. They will call out to the people of Paradise, “Peace be on you.” They will not have entered it, yet they will eagerly hope [to enter]. ——— [14] The inhabitants of Paradise and those of Hell. [15] Those whose scales of good and bad deeds are equal.

And when their eyes are turned towards the people of Hell, they will say, “Our Lord, do not join us with the wrongdoing people.”

The people of the Heights will call out to some men whom they recognize by their marks, saying, “Neither your great numbers[16] nor your arrogance were of any avail to you.” ——— [16] Or your accumulating wealth.

“Are these the ones whom you swore that Allah would never grant mercy?” “Enter Paradise; you will have no fear, nor will you grieve.”

The people of the Fire will call out to the people of Paradise, “Send down to us some water or any provision that Allah has given you.” They will say, “Allah has forbidden both to the disbelievers,

those who took their religion as amusement and play[17], and were deceived by the life of this world. Today We will ignore them just as they ignored their meeting of this Day and because they used to reject Our verses.” ——— [17] “When you call for prayer, they ridicule it and make fun of it.” See 5:58.

We have brought them a Book which We have explained in detail on the basis of knowledge, as guidance and mercy for people who believe.

Are they waiting except for the fulfillment [of its warning][18]? On the Day when it is fulfilled, those who ignored it before will say, “The messengers of our Lord surely came with the truth. Are there any intercessors who can intercede on our behalf? Or can we be sent back so that we may do other than what we used to do?” In fact, they will have ruined themselves and all that they used to fabricate will be lost from them. ——— [18] i.e., the coming of resurrection and punishment.

Your Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and earth in six days and then rose over [i.e., istawa] the Throne[19]. He makes the night and day overlap in rapid succession. He made the sun, the moon, and the stars – all subservient to His command. Behold, His is the creation and the command. Blessed is Allah, the Lord of the worlds. ——— [19] The verb ‘istawa’ literally means rose and ascended in a manner befitting His Majesty, unlike any of His creation.

Call upon your Lord humbly and privately, for He does not like the transgressors.

Do not spread corruption on earth after it has been set aright, but call upon Him with fear and hope[20]. Indeed, the mercy of Allah is close to those who do good. ——— [20] i.e., not to be too sure of oneself while supplicating, gloating over good deeds, or despairing of His Mercy.

It is He Who sends the winds as glad tidings ahead of His Mercy, until when they bear heavy clouds, We drive them to a lifeless land then We send down rain from it, producing thereby every kind of fruit. This is how We raise the dead, so that you may take heed.

Good land produces its vegetation by the Will of its Lord, but bad land only produces poor and scanty vegetation[21]. This is how We diversify the signs for people who give thanks. ——— [21] The ‘good land’ and ‘evil land’: The believers benefit from Allah’s signs are the ‘good’ ones, while disbelievers do not benefit are the ‘evil’ ones.

Indeed, We sent Noah to his people. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. I fear for you the punishment of a momentous Day.”

The chiefs of his people said, “We certainly see that you are clearly misguided.”

He said, “O my people, I am not misguided, but I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds.

I convey to you the messages of my Lord and give you sincere advice, and I know from Allah what you do not know.

Are you surprised that a reminder should come to you from your Lord through a man from among yourselves, so that he may warn you and you may fear Allah, and so that you may be shown mercy?”

But they rejected him, so We delivered him and those who were with him in the Ark, and We drowned those who rejected Our signs[22]. They were indeed people who were blind [to the truth]. ——— [22] For more detail see 11:25-48.

To the people of ‘Ād We sent their brother Hūd. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. Will you not then fear Him?”

The disbelieving chiefs of his people said, “Indeed, we see you as foolish, and we think you are one of the liars.”

He said, “O my people, there is no foolishness in me[23], but I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds, ——— [23] This calm, well-poised answer is a great example of how to deal with the ignorant.

I convey to you the messages of my Lord, and I am your sincere adviser.

Are you surprised that a reminder should come to you from your Lord through a man from among yourselves so that he may warn you? Remember when He made you successors after the people of Noah and increased you amply in stature. Remember Allah’s favors so that you may be successful.”

They said, “Have you come to tell us that we should worship Allah alone and abandon what our forefathers used to worship? Bring upon us what you are threatening us with[24] if you are truthful.” ——— [24] i.e., Allah’s punishment.

He said, “You are definitely going to be subjected to the punishment and wrath of your Lord. Do you dispute with me concerning mere names[25] that you and your forefathers have made up which Allah has never authorized? Then wait; I am too waiting with you.” ——— [25] i.e., false objects of worship.

Then We saved him[26] and those who were with him by Our mercy, and exterminated all those who rejected Our signs[27], for they would not believe. ——— [26] i.e., Prophet Hūd. [27] i.e., the people of ‘Ād.

And to the people of Thamūd [We sent] their brother, Sālih. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. There has come to you a clear proof from your Lord: this is a she-camel[28] of Allah, as a sign to you. So leave her to graze in Allah’s land, and do not harm her in any way, or else a painful punishment will seize you. ——— [28] For more detail see 26:155-156.

Remember when He made you successors after ‘Ād and settled you in the land; you make palaces on its plains and carve homes in the mountains. So remember the bounties of Allah, and do not spread corruption in the land.”

The arrogant chiefs of his people said to those believers who were oppressed, “Do you really know that Sālih has been sent by his Lord?” They said, “We surely believe in what he has been sent with.”

Those who were arrogant said, “As for us, we surely disbelieve in what you believe.”

Then they killed the she-camel and defied their Lord’s command, and said, “O Sālih, bring us what you are threatening us if you are indeed one of the messengers.”

Then an earthquake seized them, and they fell lifeless in their homes.

So he turned away from them, saying, “O my people, I did convey my Lord’s message to you and gave you sincere advice, but you do not like sincere advisers.”

And [We sent] Lot, when he said to his people, “Do you commit such a shameful act[29] that none of the people has ever done before you? ——— [29] The only messenger mentioned here did not begin his call to worship Allah alone, due to the sheer vileness they were involved in, namely, sodomy.

For you approach men lustfully instead of women; you are but a transgressing people[30].” ——— [30] Because they transgressed the limits of moderation.

The only reply his people gave was to say, “Drive them out of your town, for they are people who keep themselves pure[31]!” ——— [31] Their only charge was that they were ‘pure’.

So We saved him and his family except his wife[32]; she was one of those who remained behind. ——— [32] Because she condoned the degrading behavior of her people, and she was a disbeliever.

And We rained down upon them a rain [of brimstone]. So see how was the end of the evildoers.

And to the people of Midian [We sent] their brother Shu‘ayb. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. There has come to you a clear proof from your Lord. Give full measure and weight, and do not defraud people of their property[33], and do not spread corruption in the land after it has been set aright. That is best for you, if you are [truly] believers. ——— [33] Their sin was wantonly engaging in swindling defraud in dealings.

Do not lie in wait on every path, threatening and preventing from Allah’s path[34] those who believe in Him, and seeking to make it crooked. Remember when you were few, then He increased you in number. See how was the end of those who spread corruption. ——— [34] They were also engaged in highway robberies and preventing people from listening to Shu‘ayb.

If there are some among you who believe in what I have been sent with, while others do not believe, then be patient until Allah judges between us, and He is the Best of Judges.”

The arrogant chiefs of his people said, “O Shu‘ayb, we will surely drive you and those who believe with you out of our town unless you return to our faith.” He said, “Even if we detest it?

We would be fabricating lies against Allah if we were to return to your faith after Allah has saved us from it. We will not return to it unless Our Lord Allah so wills. Our Lord has full knowledge of everything. In Allah we put our trust. Our Lord, judge between us and our people with truth, for You are the Best of the Judges.”

The disbelieving chiefs of his people said, “If you follow Shu‘ayb, you will certainly be losers[35].” ——— [35] In financial terms.

Then they were seized by the earthquake and they fell lifeless in their homes.

Those who rejected Shu‘ayb became as if they had never lived there. Those who rejected Shu‘ayb were themselves the losers[36]. ——— [36] Not the believers as they claimed, as they lost both worlds.

So he turned away from them and said, “O my people, I did convey to you the messages of my Lord, and gave you sincere advice. Why should I grieve for a disbelieving people?”

We have not sent any prophet to a town, but We seized its people with poverty and adversity, so that they may humble themselves.

Then We changed their adversity into prosperity until they flourished and said, “Our forefathers were also afflicted with hardship and ease.” Then We seized them by surprise while they were unaware.

If only the people of the towns had believed and feared Allah, We would have certainly opened for them blessings from the heaven and earth. But they disbelieved, so We seized them for what they earned.

Do the people of the towns feel secure that Our punishment will not befall them by night while they are asleep?

Or do the people of the towns feel secure that Our punishment will not befall them by day while they are at play?

Do they feel secure from the plan of Allah? None can feel secure from the plan of Allah[37] except the loser people. ——— [37] Even the most devout believers, as hearts are between the two Fingers of Allah, He directs it wherever He wishes.

Is it not clear to those who inherit the land after its former people that, if We so willed, We could punish them for their sins and seal up their hearts so that they do not hear[38]? ——— [38] For they do not benefit from what they hear.

These are the towns, some of whose stories We relate to you. Their messengers came to them with clear proofs, but they were not about to believe in what they had already rejected[39]. This is how Allah seals up the hearts of the disbelievers. ——— [39] i.e., they persistently denied warnings given to them.

We did not find most of them committed to their covenant; rather We found most of them rebellious.

Then We sent after them Moses[40] with Our signs to Pharaoh and his chiefs, but they wrongfully rejected them. See how was the end of those who spread corruption. ——— [40] Moses’ story is recounted in detail in many surahs, for his mission bears the most similarities with that of the Prophet (ﷺ).

Moses said, “O Pharaoh, I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds.

I am obliged to say nothing concerning Allah except the truth. I have come to you with clear proof from your Lord, so let the Children of Israel go[41] with me.” ——— [41] i.e., let them emigrate.

Pharaoh said, “If you have brought a sign, then bring it forth if you are truthful.”

So he threw his staff, and it suddenly became a real serpent[42]. ——— [42] As a miracle from Allah. In ancient Egypt, the cobra snake, known as the uraeus, was used as a symbol of sovereignty and divine authority worn on the headdresses and crowns.

And he drew out his hand, and it was shining white[43] to the beholders. ——— [43] As a miracle from Allah. The hands of the Children of Israel used to be rough and scratchy out of labor and toil for their masters, for they were bondsmen and slaves.

The chiefs among Pharaoh’s people said, “This is indeed a learned magician!

He seeks to drive you out of your land. [Pharaoh said], “So what do you advise?”

They said, “Let him and his brother wait for a while and send heralds to the cities

to bring you every learned magician.”

The magicians came to Pharaoh and said, “Will we have a reward if we prevail?”

He said, “Yes, and you will surely be of those who are close to me.”

They said, “O Moses, will you throw first or will we be the first to throw?”

He said, “You throw first.” So when they threw, they enchanted the eyes of the people and struck terror into them, and produced a powerful magic.

We inspired Moses, “Throw your staff,” and it suddenly swallowed up all their illusionary devices.

Thus the truth prevailed, and all what they did was proven to be false.

They were defeated right there and were utterly humiliated.

The magicians fell down in prostration,

and said, “We believe in the Lord of the worlds,

the Lord of Moses and Aaron.”

Pharaoh said, “How dare you believe in him before I give you permission! This is indeed a plot that you devised in the city to drive out its people, but you will soon come to know.

I will surely cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides, then I will crucify you all together.”

They said, “We are surely returning to our Lord.

Your only vengeance against us is because we believed in the signs of our Lord when they came to us[44]. Our Lord, shower upon us patience and let us die as Muslims, submitting to You.” ——— [44] It implies deriding Pharaoh for his skewed standards.

The chiefs among Pharaoh’s people said, “Will you leave Moses and his people to spread corruption in the land, and abandon you and your gods?” He said, “We will kill their sons and spare their women, for we have full dominance over them.”

Moses said to his people, “Seek help from Allah and be patient. The earth belongs to Allah; He gives it as an inheritance to whom He wills of His slaves, but the outcome is for those who fear Allah.”

They said, “We were oppressed before you came to us and after you came.” He said, “It may be that your Lord will destroy your enemy and make you successors in the land to see how you will do.”

We afflicted the people of Pharaoh with famine and poor harvests, so that they may take heed.

When prosperity came their way, they said, “This is what we deserve[45],” but when adversity befell them, they ascribed it to the misfortune of Moses and those who were with him. Indeed, their misfortune is decreed by Allah, but most of them do not know. ——— [45] Out of egotism and smugness, they felt they deserved all good things.

They said, “No matter what sign you may bring to enchant us, we are not going to believe in you.”

So We sent upon them flood, locusts, lice, frogs and blood – as clear signs, yet they persisted in arrogance and were a wicked people.

When a scourge befell them, they said, “O Moses, call upon your Lord for us by virtue of the covenant He has made to you; if you remove the scourge from us, we will surely believe in you and will let the Children of Israel go with you.”

But when We removed the scourge from them until an appointed term that they were bound to reach, they broke their promise.

So We subjected them to retribution and drowned them in the sea because they rejected Our signs and were heedless of them.

And We made the people who had been oppressed to inherit the lands of the east and west that We had blessed. The good word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because of what they endured patiently, and We destroyed what Pharaoh and his people used to make and what they used to construct.

We led the Children of Israel across the sea, then they came upon a people who were devoted to their idols. They said, “O Moses, make for us a god just as they have gods.” He said, “You are indeed an ignorant people.

Indeed, what they follow is doomed to destruction and what they do is worthless.”

He said, “Shall I seek for you a god[46] other than Allah when He has favored you above the worlds?” ——— [46] i.e., an object of worship.

And [remember] when We saved you from the people of Pharaoh, who were afflicting you with the worst punishment – killing your sons and sparing your women. That was a great trial from your Lord.

We appointed for Moses thirty nights and completed it with ten more, whereby the term of forty nights set by Allah was fulfilled. Moses said to his brother Aaron, “Take my place among my people in my absence, keep things right, and do not follow the way of those who spread corruption.”

When Moses came at Our appointed time and his Lord spoke to him, he said, “My Lord, reveal Yourself to me so that I may look at You.” Allah said, “You will not be able to see Me[47]. But look at the mountain; if it stays firm in its place, only then will you see Me.” When his Lord appeared to the mountain, it was leveled to dust and Moses fell unconscious. When he recovered, he said, “Glory be to You! I repent to You and I am the first of the believers.” ——— [47] None can see Allah in the life of this world.

He said, “O Moses, I have chosen you above other people, by giving you My messages and speaking to you. So hold fast to what I have given you, and be of those who are grateful.”

We inscribed for him in the Tablets admonition of all things and explanation of everything. “Hold fast to them and ask your people to follow the best of it. I will show you the home of the rebellious[48]. ——— [48] A severe warning against rebellion.

I will turn away from My signs those who are arrogant[49] in the land without any right. Even if they see every sign, they will still not believe in it; if they see the way of guidance, they will not follow it, but if they see the way of misguidance, they will follow it as their way. That is because they have rejected Our signs and were heedless of them. ——— [49] Arrogance is pointed out as a major cause for disbelief, as the arrogant will not hearken to admonition or to advice.

Those who reject Our signs and the meeting of the Hereafter, their deeds will become worthless. Will they not be recompensed except for what they used to do?

In his absence, the people of Moses took for worship an image of calf made from their jewelry that made a lowing sound. Did they not see that it could neither speak to them nor could it guide them[50] to any [straight] way? Yet they took it for worship and they were wrongdoers. ——— [50] This mere body even lacked the basic attributes of being a god, as it was unable to speak to them or benefit them.

When they became remorseful and realized that they had gone astray, they said, “If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we will certainly be among the losers.”

When Moses returned to his people, furious and grieved, he said, “What an evil thing you did in my absence! Did you seek to hasten the command of your Lord[51]?” He threw the Tablets[52] and grabbed his brother by the hair, dragging him towards himself. Aaron said, “O son of my mother, the people overpowered me and were about to kill me. Do not make my enemies rejoice over me, nor count me among the people of wrongdoing.” ——— [51] i.e., “Could you not have waited until I came back to you with your Lord’s good guidance?”. [52] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “Hearing is not like seeing. Allah told Moses of what his people did with the calf and he did not throw down the tablets. Yet, when he actually saw what they did he threw them down!” [Imām Aḥmad: 2447; Ibn Hibbān: 6213]

Moses said, “My Lord, forgive me and my brother[53], and admit us into Your mercy, for You are the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.” ——— [53] He practically apologized to his brother and accepted his explanation.

As for those who took the calf for worship, they will certainly be afflicted with wrath from their Lord and disgrace in the life of this world. This is how We recompense those who invent falsehood.

But those who commit evil deeds, then repent thereafter and [truly] believe, then your Lord is indeed All-Forgiving[54], Most Merciful. ——— [54] This shows that no matter how grave the sin is, Allah will forgive it if the person truly repents and believes.

When Moses’ fury calmed down, he picked up the Tablets; in their inscription there was guidance and mercy for those who fear their Lord.

Moses chose seventy men from among his people for Our appointment. When the earthquake seized them[55], he said, “My Lord, had it been Your will, You could have destroyed them earlier, and me too; will You destroy us for what the fools among us have done? This is not but a trial from You, by which You cause to stray whom You will and guide whom You will. You are our Guardian, so forgive us and have mercy upon us, for You are the Best of Forgivers. ——— [55] When they reached the appointed place, they said to Moses, "O Moses, we will never believe you until we see Allah openly." (2:55) So the mountain convulsed, killing them.

Ordain for us good in this life and in the Hereafter, for We have turned to You in repentance.” Allah said, “As for my punishment, I will afflict with it whom I will[56], but My mercy encompasses everything; I will ordain it for those who fear Me, and give zakah, and those who believe in Our verses[57], ——— [56] Among those who deserve punishment. [57] Three conditions are necessary for earning Allah’s Mercy: 1. Being Mindful of Him. 2. Giving out zakah. 3. Believing in Allah’s verses and signs.

those who follow the Messenger – the unlettered Prophet – whose description they find in their Torah and the Gospel. He enjoins them to do what is good and forbids them from what is evil; he makes lawful for them what is pure and makes unlawful for them what is impure; he relieves them of their burden[58] and the shackles[59] that were on them. So those who believe in him, they honor and support him, and follow the light which is sent down with him – it is they who will be successful.” ——— [58] i.e., difficulties in religious duties. [59] i.e., extreme measures previously required for repentance and retribution without recourse to compensation.

Say [O Prophet], “O people, I am the Messenger of Allah to you all[60]. To Him belongs the dominion of the heavens and earth; none has the right to be worshiped except Him; He gives life and causes death.” So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, who believes in Allah and His words, and follow him, so that you may be guided. ——— [60] This call is to all people since the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), including the People of the Book and others.

Among the people of Moses there is a community which guides others with truth[61] and establishes justice therewith. ——— [61] Those who followed the final prophet, Muhammad (ﷺ).

We divided them into twelve tribes[62], each as a community, and We inspired Moses when his people asked him for water, “Strike the rock with your staff.” There gushed forth from it twelve springs; each tribe knew the place of its drinking. We shaded them with clouds and sent down to them manna and quails, “Eat of the good things We have provided for you.” They did not wrong Us, but it was themselves that they wronged. ——— [62] From the twelve sons of Jacob.

When it was said to them, “Live in this city [of Jerusalem], and eat from wherever you please, and say, ‘Absolve us,’ and enter the gate bowing with humility; We will forgive you your sins, and increase the reward of those who do good.”

But the wrongdoers among them altered the words to something other than what they were told; so We sent down upon them a scourge from the heaven for their wrongdoing.

Ask them [O Prophet] about the town which was by the sea and how they broke the Sabbath[63]. The fish would come to them appearing on the surface of the water on Sabbath days, but when it was not Sabbath, they would not come. This is how We tested them for their rebelliousness. ——— [63] This is another act of violation some of them committed.

When a group of them said, “Why are you admonishing a people whom Allah will destroy or punish severely?” They said, “To excuse ourselves before your Lord, and perhaps they may fear Allah.”

When they ignored the admonition they were given, We saved those who forbade evil and seized the wrongdoers with a grievous punishment for their defiant disobedience.

When they persistently violated what they were forbidden to do, We said to them, “Be despised apes[64].” ——— [64] Their deed was deceptive, only outwardly resembling observance of Allah’s commands. As such, Allah turned them into apes, only outwardly resembling humans, but were actually far apart from real humans.

And [remember] when your Lord declared that He would send against them those who would afflict them with a terrible punishment[65] until the Day of Resurrection. Your Lord is Swift in Punishment, but He also is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [65] This is for their constantly disparaging their pledge with Allah.

We scattered them[66] through the land in communities – some of them were righteous and others were less so. We tested them with both prosperity and adversity, so that they would return [to Allah’s Obedience]. ——— [66] This is an allusion to the Jewish Diaspora and their dispersion out of their lands. See 17:4-8.

They were then succeeded by other generations who inherited the Scripture, opting for the lowly gains[67], and saying, “We will be forgiven[68].” Yet if a similar gain[69] comes their way, they will seize it. Was not a covenant of the Scripture taken from them that they should not say about Allah except the truth, and they had studied its teachings? But the Home of the Hereafter is better for those who fear Allah. Do you not understand? ——— [67] i.e., unlawful gains and pleasures. [68] It demonstrates how self-justifying they were in sticking to their devious ways. [69] i.e., a similar temptation.

As for those who hold fast to the Scripture and establish prayer, We will not let the reward of those who seek righteousness to be lost.

And [remember] when We raised the mountain over them as if it were a dark cloud, and they thought that it would fall upon them, “Hold fast to what We have given you[70] and observe its teachings, so that you may fear Allah.” ——— [70] For their persistent rebellion and disobedience.

And [remember] when your Lord brought forth from the loins of the children of Adam their offspring and made them testify about themselves [asking], “Am I not your Lord?” They said, “Yes indeed; We testify[71].” [We did so] lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection, “We were unaware of this,” ——— [71] This is alluding to the ‘mīthāq al-fitrah’ (the pledge of innate nature).

Or that you say, “It was our forefathers before us who associated partners with Allah, and we are their offspring who came after them. Will you then destroy us for the falsehood that they invented?”

This is how We make the verses clear, so that they may return.

And relate to them [O Prophet] the story of the one[72] whom We gave knowledge of Our revelations, but he abandoned it, so Satan took hold of him and he became one of the deviants. ——— [72] A man from the Children of Israel at the time of Moses.

If We had willed, We could have elevated him thereby[73], but he clung to the [life of the] earth[74] and followed his desires. His likeness is that of a dog: if you attack it, it pants with its tongue lolling, and if you leave it, it still pants[75]. Such is the example of the people who reject Our revelations. Therefore, relate the stories, so that they may reflect. ——— [73] i.e., by the knowledge of the revelations. [74] i.e., its worldly pleasures. [75] No matter whether they are admonished or not, they will not believe.

How evil is the likeness of people who rejected Our verses, and it is themselves that they have wronged.

Whoever Allah guides is rightly guided; and whoever He causes to stray[76], it is they who are the losers. ——— [76] Due to persistence in evil and rejecting the truth.

We have surely created for Hell many jinn and humans. They have hearts with which they do not understand, eyes with which they do not see, and ears with which they do not hear[77]. They are like cattle[78], rather, they are more astray. It is they who are the heedless. ——— [77] As they willfully fail to use their faculties of discernment and understanding. [78] They only care to satiate their animalistic drives, not about the life to come, so they are no better than livestock.

Allah has the Most Beautiful Names, so call upon Him by them, and leave those who deviate concerning His Names[79]. They will be recompensed for what they used to do. ——— [79] i.e., use them improperly such as calling other gods besides Allah by them, or deny them, or distort their meanings.

And among those whom We created is a group[80] that guides others with the truth and establishes justice therewith. ——— [80] The followers of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

As for those who reject Our signs, We will gradually lead them to destruction[81] without them realizing it. ——— [81] By giving them one favor after another which only increases them in arrogance and sin.

I will give them respite, but My plan is firm.

Have they not reflected that their fellow [Prophet] is not insane? He is none but a clear warner.

Have they not observed the dominions of the heavens and earth and all that Allah has created, and that the end of their term might be near? In what message after this [Qur’an] will they then believe?

Whoever Allah causes to stray, there is none to guide him; He will leave them to wander blindly in their transgression.

They ask you [O Prophet] about the Hour, “When will it come to pass?” Say, “Its knowledge is only with my Lord. None can reveal its due time except Him. It will be heavy on the heavens and earth; it will only come to you by surprise.” They ask you as if you are well-aware of it. Say, “Its knowledge is only with Allah, but most people do not know.”

Say, “I have no power to benefit or harm myself, except what Allah wills. If I had knowledge of the unseen, I would have acquired much good, and no evil would have touched me. I am only a warner and bearer of glad tidings for people who believe.”

It is He Who created you from a single soul, and from it He made its spouse[82], so that he may find comfort in her. When he covered her[83], she conceived a light burden carrying it with ease. Then when she grew heavy, they called upon Allah, their Lord, “If you give us a healthy child[84], we will certainly be grateful.” ——— [82] Adam and his mate, Eve. [83] An allusion to sexual relation. [84] Physically sound or righteous.

But when He gave them a healthy child, they[85] ascribed partners to Him in that which He had given them. Exalted is Allah far above what they ascribe to Him. ——— [85] The ungrateful or the polytheistic man and woman.

Do they ascribe to Him partners who cannot create anything, but are themselves created?

They cannot help them, nor can they help themselves.

If you call them to guidance, they will not follow you; it is the same whether you call them or remain silent.

Those whom you supplicate besides Allah are slaves like you; supplicate them and let them respond to you, if you are truthful.

Do they have feet to walk with? Or hands to grasp with? Or eyes to see with? Or ears to hear with? Say [O Prophet], “Call your idols then conspire against me and give me no respite[86]! ——— [86] This outright challenge highlights the powerlessness of their gods.

My Protector is Allah Who has sent down the Book, for it is He Who protects the righteous.

But those whom you supplicate besides Him cannot help you, nor can they help themselves.”

If you call them to guidance, they do not hear, and you see them looking at you, but they do not see.

Be gracious, enjoin what is right and turn away from those who are ignorant[87]. ——— [87] i.e., turn a blind eye and pretend to take no notice of their abuse.

If you are tempted by Satan, seek refuge with Allah[88], for He is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. ——— [88] From flaring up out of rage or falling into sin.

Those who fear Allah, when an evil whisper comes to them from Satan, they remember Him and immediately come back to their senses.

But the devils plunge their [human] brothers deeper into sin, sparing no effort.

When you do not bring them a sign[89], they say, “Why do you not improvise one?” Say, “I only follow what is revealed to me from my Lord. This [Qur’an] is an insight from your Lord, and a guidance and mercy for people who believe.” ——— [89] The Qur’an is the greatest sign ever, yet they denied it blindly.

When the Qur’an is recited, listen to it attentively and maintain silence, so that you may receive mercy.

And remember your Lord within yourself with humility and fear, without raising your voice, in the morning and evening, and do not be of those who are heedless.

Indeed, those [angels] who are near to your Lord do not disdain to worship Him; they glorify Him, and to Him they prostrate.

They ask you [O Prophet] about the spoils of war[1]. Say, “The spoils of war belong to Allah and the Messenger. So fear Allah, settle your affairs among yourselves, and obey Allah and His Messenger, if you are [true] believers.” ——— [1] Referring to the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) who asked him about the distribution of the of war booty.

The true believers are those whose hearts are filled with awe when Allah is mentioned, and their faith increases when His verses are recited to them, and they put their trust only in their Lord;

those who establish prayer and spend out of what We have provided for them.

Such are the true believers; they will have high ranks with their Lord, and forgiveness and honorable provision.

Just as your Lord brought you [O Prophet] out of your home for a just cause[2], even though a group of believers were averse to it. ——— [2] It is referring to the Battle of Badr.

They disputed with you concerning the truth[3] after it had become clear to them as if they were being driven towards death while they were looking on. ——— [3] i.e., the imminent fighting.

And [remember, O believers], when Allah promised you one of the two parties[4], that it would fall to you, and you wished that the unarmed one would fall to you. But it was Allah’s Will to establish the truth by His Words and exterminate the disbelievers, ——— [4] i.e., either the caravan of Quraysh or their army in the Battle of Badr.

so that He might establish the truth and nullify the falsehood, even though the wicked are averse to it.

[Remember] when you were seeking the help of your Lord [at Badr] and He responded to you, “I will reinforce you with a thousand angels[5], following one another in succession.” ——— [5] The number of Quraysh army was 1000 fighters. Allah bolstered Muslims with 1000 angels, who only numbered 319 men beforehand.

Allah granted this only as glad tidings and to reassure your hearts, for victory only comes from Allah. Indeed, Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

[Remember] when He caused drowsiness to overcome you as an assurance from Him, and He sent down rain from the sky to purify you and to remove Satan’s whispers from you, and to strengthen your hearts and to steady your footsteps.

[Remember] when your Lord inspired the angels, “I am with you[6], so make firm the feet of those who believe. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. So strike their necks and strike all their limbs[7].” ——— [6] Allah’s ‘special withness’ (ma‘iyyah khāssah) is by His support and aid. [7] i.e., "all extremities,": their hands and feet.

That is because they opposed Allah and His Messenger. Whoever opposes Allah and His Messenger, Allah is indeed severe in punishment.

That is for you, so taste it, and for the disbelievers, there will be the punishment of the Fire.

O you who believe, when you confront the disbelievers in battle, do not turn your backs to them.

Whoever turns his back to them on such a day – unless it is for tactical reasons or joining another group – he will incur the wrath of Allah and his abode will be Hell. What a terrible destination!

It was not you who killed them, but it was Allah Who killed them; and it was not you [O Prophet] who threw when you threw [a handful of sand][8] but it was Allah Who threw, so that He might test the believers with a great test. Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. ——— [8] It filled their eyes and noses, preventing their advance.

As such, Allah undermines the plans of the disbelievers.

If you [disbelievers] were seeking the decision, it has come to you[9]. If you desist, it will be better for you, but if you return [to war], We too will return. And your forces – no matter how great in number they are – will not avail you anything, for Allah is with the believers. ——— [9] The disbelievers implored Allah against Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and Muslims (alleging that they were wrongdoers), so His decision came.

O you who believe, obey Allah and His Messenger, and do not turn away from him after hearing [his command].

And do not be like those[10] who say, “We hear,” while they do not actually listen. ——— [10] i.e., the hypocrites and/or the disbelievers.

The worst of creatures before Allah are those who are deaf and dumb, and who do not understand.

If Allah had known any good in them[11], He would have made them hear, but even if He had made them hear, they would have turned away in aversion. ——— [11] i.e., real willingness and intention of good.

O you who believe, respond to Allah and the Messenger when He calls you to what gives you life[12], and know that Allah comes between a person and his heart[13], and it is to Him that you will all be gathered. ——— [12] A better life with faith both in this life and in the Hereafter. [13] Beware of rejecting the command of Allah when it comes to you, for Allah may not enable you to respond to his command afterward, as the hearts are between the two Fingers of Allah Who changes it as He wishes.

Beware of a trial that will not only befall the wrongdoers among you, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.

And remember when you were few in number and oppressed in the land[14], fearing that the people would snatch you away. Then He sheltered you[15], and strengthened you with His help, and provided you with good things, so that you may give thanks. ——— [14] In Makkah. [15] In Madinah.

O you who believe, do not betray Allah and the Messenger, nor betray your trusts knowingly.

Know that your wealth and your children[16] are only a trial and that with Allah is an immense reward. ——— [16] Due to your love for both of them, you may violate Allah’s commands concerning them.

O you who believe, if you fear Allah, He will provide you with an insight[17] to distinguish between right and wrong, absolve you of your sins and forgive you, for Allah is the Lord of great bounty. ——— [17] Or a way out of difficulties.

And [remember] when the disbelievers plotted against you[18], to take you as captive, kill you or expel you. They plan, and Allah also plans, but Allah is the Best of those who plan. ——— [18] They plotted against the Messenger (ﷺ) in Makkah.

When Our verses are recited to them, they say, “We have heard. If we wished, we could say something like this. This is nothing but ancient fables.”

And [remember] when they said, “O Allah, if this is indeed the truth from You, then rain down upon us stones from the heaven or bring upon us a painful punishment[19].” ——— [19] Abu Jahl and other disbelievers invoked this supplication.

But Allah would not punish them while you [O Prophet] are among them, nor would Allah punish them as long as they seek forgiveness.

Why should Allah not punish them when they prevent [people] from the Sacred Mosque, although they are not its rightful guardians? Its rightful guardians are only those who fear Allah, but most of them do not know.

Their prayer at the Sacred House was nothing but whistling and clapping. So taste the punishment[20] for your disbelief. ——— [20] Their degrading defeat, killing and captivation at Badr.

The disbelievers spend their wealth to prevent [people] from the way of Allah. They will continue to spend it, then it will be a source of regret for them, then they will be defeated, and those who disbelieve will be gathered into Hell,

so that Allah may separate the wicked from the good, and pile up the wicked all together and then cast them into Hell. It is they who are the losers.

Say to those who disbelieve that if they desist[21], their past will be forgiven, but if they persist, then they have a precedent in those who have passed before them. ——— [21] From disbelief and disobedience.

Fight them until there is no more persecution[22] and the religion is entirely for Allah; but if they desist, then Allah is All-Seeing of what they do. ——— [22] Among the meanings of "fitnah" are: disbelief and its imposition on others, dissension, trial, and torment. See 2:191.

But if they turn away, then know that Allah is your Protector. What an excellent Protector and an excellent Helper!

Know that whatever spoils you obtain, one-fifth belongs to Allah[23] and the Messenger[24], to his close relatives, the orphans, the needy and the [stranded] travelers – if you truly believe in Allah and in what We sent down to Our slave[25] on the day of Criterion[26] – the day when the two armies met [at Badr]. And Allah is Most Capable of all things. ——— [23] To be spent in the cause of Allah. [24] The tribes of Banu Hāshim and Banu Abdul Muṭṭalib, who were not eligible for zakah. The remaining four-fifths are divided among the soldiers. [25] Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). [26] The Battle of Badr.

[Remember] when you were on the near side of the valley [of Badr], and they were on the far side, and the caravan was on the lower ground beneath you. If you had made prior arrangements to encounter, you would have failed to keep that appointment. But [it happened] so that Allah might accomplish what had already been decreed, and so that those who chose to perish would perish after seeing clear evidence, and those who chose to survive would survive after seeing clear evidence. Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

[Remember] when Allah showed them to you in your dream as few in number; if He had shown them to you as many, you [believers] would have lost courage and disputed in the matter. But Allah spared you [of that], for He is All-Knowing of what is in the hearts.

And [remember] when you met, He made them appear as few in your eyes, and made you appear as few in their eyes, so that Allah may accomplish what was already decreed. And to Allah will return all matters.

O you who believe, when you encounter a group [in battle], stand firm and remember Allah much, so that you may triumph[27]. ——— [27] How to win a victory: 1. To stand firm. 2. To mention Allah profusely and seek His help.

Obey Allah and His Messenger, and do not dispute with one another, or else you will lose courage and your strength will weaken. And be steadfast, for Allah is with those who are steadfast.

Do not be like those[28] who came out of their homes insolently, showing off to people, and preventing others from Allah’s way, for Allah is All-Encompassing of what they do. ——— [28] The Quraysh army.

And [remember] when Satan made their misdeeds appealing to them, and said, “No one can overcome you today, and I am your protector.” But when the two armies faced each other, he turned on his heels and said, “I have nothing to do with you, for I see what you do not see. I surely fear Allah, for Allah is severe in punishment.”

And [remember] when the hypocrites and those who have sickness in their hearts said, “These [believers] are deluded by their religion.” But whoever puts his trust in Allah[29], Allah is indeed All-Mighty, All-Wise. ——— [29] Victory is not achieved by mere worldly measures; it only comes from Allah for those who really put their trust in Him.

If only you could see when the angels take the souls of the disbelievers, beating their faces and their backs, “Taste the punishment of the scorching fire!

This is because of what your hands have sent forth, for Allah is never unjust to [His] slaves.”

Their case is like the people of Pharaoh and those who came before them[30]. They disbelieved in the signs of Allah, so Allah seized them for their sins. Indeed, Allah is All-Powerful and Severe in Punishment. ——— [30] The people of ‘Ād, Thamūd and others met the same fate.

This is because Allah would never change the blessings He has bestowed upon a people until they change their own attitude and conduct. Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Their case is like the people of Pharaoh and those who came before them. They rejected the signs of their Lord, so We destroyed them[31] for their sins and drowned the people of Pharaoh; they were all wrongdoers. ——— [31] Repetition of the example of the earlier nations is to emphasize the inevitable fate of those who disbelieve or disobey Allah.

The worst of moving creatures[32] before Allah are those who persist in disbelief, so they do not believe, ——— [32] See 8:22-23.

those with whom you [O Prophet] made a treaty, but they break their treaty every time, and they do not fear Allah.

If you encounter them in battle, make a fearsome example of them[33] for those who are behind them, so that they may be deterred. ——— [33] i.e., Treat the treacherous who betray their pledges with due severity.

If you fear betrayal from any people, throw their treaty back at them openly[34], for Allah does not like the treacherous. ——— [34] i.e., announce to them its dissolution so that you both be on the same footing.

The disbelievers should not think that they are unreachable; they cannot escape.

Prepare against them whatever force[35] you can and cavalry, to deter Allah’s enemies and your enemies[36], and others besides them whom you do not know[37], but Allah knows them. Whatever you spend[38] in the cause of Allah will be repaid to you in full, and you will not be wronged. ——— [35] All types of power: physical, mental as well as weapons. [36] To make them think twice before invading or fighting them. [37] i.e., lurking enemies. [38] Funds are necessary for preparing the force.

If they incline to peace, then incline to it, and put your trust in Allah, for He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

But if they intend to deceive you, then Allah is sufficient for you; it is He Who supported you with His help and with that of the believers.

He brought their hearts together[39], even if you had spent all that is on earth, you could not have brought their hearts together, but Allah has brought them together, for He is All-Mighty, All-Wise. ——— [39] The joining of the hearts was indeed a great favour, as the extent of enmity among them in the pre-Islamic era was rampant.

O Prophet, Allah is sufficient for you[40] and for the believers who follow you. ——— [40] See 3:173.

O Prophet, urge the believers to fight. If there are twenty steadfast among you, they will overcome two hundred; and if there are a hundred of you, they will overcome a thousand of the disbelievers, for they are a people who do not understand.

Now Allah has lightened your burden, for He knew that there is weakness in you. So if there are a hundred steadfast men among you, they will overcome two hundred; and if there are a thousand, they will overcome two thousand, by Allah’s permission. And Allah is with those who are steadfast.

It is not befitting for a prophet to take captives[41] until he thoroughly subdues [the enemy] in the land. You desire the gains of this world[42], but Allah desires [for you] the Hereafter. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise. ——— [41] It is referring to the disbelievers of Quraysh who were taken as captives by the Prophet (ﷺ) in the wake of Badr. [42] i.e., material benefits, such as the ransom paid by prisoners.

Were it not for a prior decree[43] from Allah, you would have surely been afflicted with a great punishment for what you have taken [of ransom]. ——— [43] This ‘decree’: 1) that He would make spoils and ransom lawful, 2) that He would not punish for a matter not explained previously, 3) and that He would not punish the Companions who attended Badr.

So consume what you have gained in war, for it is lawful[44] and good, but fear Allah. Allah is indeed All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [44] When Allah saw the destitution and helplessness of the Muslims, He made gains of war lawful for them.

O Prophet, tell those captives who are in your custody, “If Allah knows of any good[45] in your hearts, He will give you something better than what has been taken from you, and will forgive you, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” ——— [45] i.e., a sincere will to embrace Islam.

But if they intend to betray you, they have already betrayed Allah before, so He empowered you over them. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

Those who believed, migrated, and fought with their wealth and their lives in the cause of Allah, and those who provided [the migrants] with shelter and help – they are allies of one another. As for those who believed but did not migrate, you have no obligation to protect them until they migrate. But if they seek your help in religion, it is your obligation to help, except against people with whom you have a treaty. And Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.

Those who disbelieve are protectors of one another[46]. Unless you do likewise, there will be persecution in the land and great corruption. ——— [46] i.e., taking one another as allies and abandoning all bonds with the disbelievers.

Those who believed, migrated and fought in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave them refuge and help – it is they who are the true believers; they will have forgiveness and an honorable provision.

And those who believed afterwards, migrated and fought along with you – they belong to you. But blood relatives are more entitled to inherit[47] from one another according to the Book of Allah. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing of everything. ——— [47] This applies only to Muslim relatives; others may be given by bequest. See 4:11.

[This is] a declaration of disassociation[1] by Allah and His Messenger to those polytheists with whom you have made a treaty. ——— [1] This surah, unlike all surahs of the Qur’an, is not preceded by al-basmalah (the usual opening statement).

“Therefore move freely in the land[2] for four months, but know that you cannot escape Allah and that Allah will humiliate the disbelievers.” ——— [2] They were encouraged to repent or find a safe place to depart to.

A declaration from Allah and His Messenger to the people on the day of the greater pilgrimage[3], that Allah and His Messenger are free from obligation to the polytheists. If you repent, it is better for you, but if you turn away, then know that you cannot escape Allah[4]. And give the disbelievers tidings of a painful punishment. ——— [3] Hajj; ‘Umrah is a minor pilgrimage. [4] i.e., you cannot escape His punishment.

Except those polytheists with whom you have a treaty and who have not broken it in the least, nor have backed up anyone against you – so fulfill your treaty with them until the end of their term[5]. Indeed, Allah loves those who fear Him. ——— [5] This is an exception from the four months reprieve.

Then when the [four] sacred months[6] are over, kill the polytheists wherever you find them, seize them, besiege them and lie in wait for them on every route[7]. But if they repent, establish prayers and give zakah, then set them free, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful[8]. ——— [6] i.e., Muharram, Rajab, Dhul-Qa‘dah and Dhul-Hijjah. [7] Some prominent scholars of Islam are of the opinion that this applies especially to combatant disbelievers who pose a threat to Muslims. [8] The next few verses reveal who these really are and why they deserve such retaliatory measures.

If any of the polytheists asks you for protection, give it to him, so that he may hear the Word of Allah[9], then escort him to his place of safety; that is because they are a people who do not know. ——— [9] Because their belligerence and animosity stem from their ignorance about Islam.

How can the polytheists have a treaty with Allah and with His Messenger, except those whom you made a treaty with at the Sacred Mosque[10]? Should they fulfill their pledge to you, fulfill your pledge to them[11], for Allah loves those who fear Him. ——— [10] The Treaty of Hudaybiyah made in the environs of the Sacred Mosque. [11] i.e., maintain the terms of the treaty.

How [can there be a treaty] – if they were to overcome you, they would neither respect ties of kinship nor treaty[12]? They please you with their tongues, while their hearts are averse to it, and most of them are wicked. ——— [12] They cannot be trusted because they constantly renege on their pledges and break their promises.

They have sold the verses of Allah for a small price and prevented [people] from His way[13]. Terrible is indeed what they have done! ——— [13] In order to maintain their source of income, they barred their people from embracing Islam.

They do not honor the ties of kinship or treaties with regard to the believers. It is they who are the transgressors.

Yet if they repent, establish prayer and give zakah, then they are your brothers in faith. We explain the verses in detail for people who know.

But if they break their oaths after making a pledge and revile your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief – whose oaths mean nothing to them – so that they may desist.

Will you not fight people who broke their oaths, conspired to expel the Messenger[14], and initiated the war against you first[15]? Do you fear them? Rather it is Allah Whom you should fear, if you are [truly] believers. ——— [14] From Makkah. [15] By helping the clan of Bakr to kill mercilessly the clan of Khuza‘ah, the allies of the Prophet (ﷺ).

Fight them, Allah will punish them at your hands and will disgrace them and give you victory over them, and will soothe the hearts of people who believe,

and He will remove rage from their hearts. Allah turns in forgiveness to whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

Do you think that you will be left untested, when Allah has not yet proven who among you strove [in His cause] and did not take any trusted allies other than Allah, His Messenger and the believers? Allah is All-Aware of what you do.

It is not for the polytheists to maintain Allah’s mosques[16] while openly displaying their disbelief. Their deeds have become worthless, and they will abide in the Fire forever. ——— [16] i.e., building them and taking care of them, or performing acts of devotional worship.

The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah[17] and the Last Day, establish prayer, give zakah and fear none but Allah. It is they who are expected to be rightly guided. ——— [17] Not associating anyone or anything with Allah in worship.

Do you consider giving water to the pilgrims and maintaining the Sacred Mosque as equal to believing in Allah and the Last Day and striving for Allah’s cause? They are not equal before Allah, and Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.

Those who believed, emigrated, and strove in Allah’s cause with their wealth and their lives are of a higher rank before Allah; it is they who will triumph.

Their Lord gives them glad tidings of mercy from Him and His pleasure, and of gardens in which they will have everlasting bliss,

abiding therein forever. Indeed, with Allah is a great reward.

O you who believe, do not take your parents and brothers as allies if they choose disbelief over belief; whoever among you takes them as allies, it is they who are the wrongdoers.

Say, “If your parents, your children, your brothers, your spouses, your clan, the wealth you have acquired, the trade you fear to decline, and the homes you cherish – [if these] are dearer to you than Allah and His Messenger[18], and striving in His cause, then wait until Allah executes His decree[19]. For Allah does not guide disobedient people.” ——— [18] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “There are three traits, whoever has them will taste the sweetness of Faith by their virtue: that Allah and His Messenger are dearer to him than anything else...” [Al-Bukhārī: 16, Muslim: 43] [19] His punishment.

Allah has given you victory in many battlefields, and on the day of Hunayn[20] when you took pride in your great number, but they were of no use to you; the earth, despite its vastness, became constricted to you, then you turned back running away. ——— [20] In the battle of Hunayn, the Prophet (ﷺ) fought along with his noble Companions, when they were certain of victory due to their number and said: “We shall not be defeated today because of our number”, so they were made to suffer retreat.

Then Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Messenger and upon the believers[21], and sent down soldiers that you did not see[22], and chastised those who disbelieved. Such was the recompense of the disbelievers. ——— [21] When they realized humbly how much they were in need of Allah, He came to their aid. [22] The angels.

Then afterward, Allah will accept the repentance of whom He wills, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

O you who believe, the polytheists are impure[23], so do not let them come near the Sacred Mosque after this year. If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty[24], if He wills. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. ——— [23] Impurity here means: disbelief, vile manners and unholy character. [24] Because the pilgrimage site was the major trading season in Arabia at that time.

Fight those of the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day, nor do they consider forbidden what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, nor adopt the religion of truth [i.e., Islam], until they pay the protection tax[25] willingly while they are humbled. ——— [25] Jizyah: is a tax levied from the people of the Book (Jews and Christians). It is only taken from those who can afford it; to enjoy privileges such as protection, freedom of religion, and fair treatment. Furthermore, they are exempted from military service as well as zakah is not taken from them, which are only due upon Muslims.

The Jews say, “Ezra[26] is the son of Allah,” and the Christians say, “The Messiah is the son of Allah[27].” These are mere words that they utter, imitating the words of the disbelievers before them[28]. May Allah ruin them; how can they be deluded? ——— [26] ‘Uzayr or Ezra: It was he who restored and codified the Torah after it had been lost during the Babylonian Exile, and edited it in more or less in the form which it is today. [27] See 2:116. [28] In saying that Allah has taken to Himself a son, as polytheists before them said that angels are Allah’s daughters.

They have taken their rabbis and monks as lords[29] besides Allah, as well as the Messiah, son of Mary, even though they were commanded to worship only One God; none has the right to be worshiped except Him, glorified is He far above what they associate with Him[30]. ——— [29] By obeying them rather than obeying Allah’s commandments. [30] ‘Adiyy ibn Hātim al-Tā’iyy (رضي الله عنه), who was Christian before embracing Islam, narrated that he came to the Messenger (ﷺ) while he was reciting this verse, and he said to the Messenger: “We do not worship them!” He asked: “Do they not deem unlawful what Allah allowed and you follow them making it unlawful, and declare lawful what Allah forbade and you follow them making it lawful?” ‘Adiyy said: “Indeed!” then he (ﷺ) said: “That is their worship!” [At-Tirmidhī: 3095; also see: Matthew 15:1-9, Isaiah 29:13, Jeremiah 8:8]

They seek to extinguish the light of Allah with their mouths, but Allah refuses except to perfect His light, even if the disbelievers hate it.

It is He Who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, so that He may make it prevail over all other religions, even though the polytheists dislike it.

O you who believe, there are many rabbis and monks who consume people’s wealth unlawfully and prevent people from Allah’s way. Those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the way of Allah, give them tidings of a painful punishment.

On the Day when their treasures[31] will be heated up in the Fire of Hell, and their foreheads, sides and backs will be branded therewith. [They will be told], “This is what you hoarded for yourselves; so taste [the punishment of] what you used to hoard.” ——— [31] The hoarded gold and silver whose zakah was not paid.

The number of months with Allah is twelve, in the Record of Allah[32] since the day He created the heavens and earth; of which four are sacred. This is the straight way, so do not wrong yourselves during these months[33], and fight the polytheists all together[34], just as they fight you all together. And know that Allah is with those who fear Him. ——— [32] i.e., the Preserved Tablet. [33] i.e., do not violate the sacred months or commit aggression therein; they are: 1st, 7th, 11th, 12th months of the lunar calendar. [34] See 2:193, 8:73.

The postponement of [Sacred Months] is an act of disbelief[35], which leads them further astray. They declare a month lawful in one year and sacred the next year, in order to match the number of months that Allah has declared as sacred, thus making lawful what Allah has made forbidden[36]; their evil deeds have been made appealing to them, and Allah does not guide the disbelieving people. ——— [35] Fighting during a sacred month. [36] If they found it advantageous to violate a sacred month, they would do so, designating another month sacrosanct instead to observe the restrictions of fighting.

O you who believe, what is the matter with you that when you are asked to march forth in the cause of Allah, you cling heavily to the earth[37]? Are you content with the life of this world instead of the Hereafter? But the enjoyment of the life of this world is insignificant compared to that of the Hereafter. ——— [37] i.e., inclining toward the comforts of the worldly life.

Unless you march forth, He will chastise you with a painful punishment and replace you with other people, and you cannot harm Him in the least, for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

If you do not support the Prophet, Allah has already supported him when the disbelievers forced him out; when he was second of the two[38] in the cave – saying to his companion, “Do not grieve; Allah is with us.” Thereupon Allah sent down His tranquility upon him, supported him with soldiers that you did not see[39], and rendered the word of the disbelievers[40] the lowest, whereas the Word of Allah[41] is supreme. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise. ——— [38] The second was his companion, Abu Bakr. [39] Angels came to the Prophet’s aid in the small cave. [40] i.e., their claims and slogans of disbelief. [41] i.e., "La ilaha illa Allah" (There is no true deity except Allah).

March forth, whether lightly or heavily armed[42], and strive in the cause of Allah with your wealth and your lives. That is best for you, if only you knew. ——— [42] i.e., young or old, riding or walking, in ease or in hardship - in all circumstances; those who are exempted is mentioned in the verse 91 below.

If it had been an easy win within reach and a short journey, those [hypocrites] would have followed you, but the distance seemed too far for them. They will swear by Allah[43], “If we had been able, we would have surely joined you,” destroying themselves [through false oaths], and Allah knows that they are liars. ——— [43] When you return from the Tabūk expedition in which the hypocrites did not participate.

May Allah pardon you [O Prophet]! Why did you give them permission [to stay behind] before it became clear to you as to who were telling the truth, and who were liars[44]? ——— [44] None should have been given permission, so as to see who would set out with the Muslim army, the truthful; and who would not, the liars.

Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day will not ask you to be exempted from striving with their wealth and their lives in Allah’s cause. Allah is All-Knowing of those who fear Him.

Only those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day ask permission to be exempted; they have doubts in their hearts, so they will continue to waver in their doubts.

If they had truly intended to march forth, they would have made necessary preparations for it. But Allah disliked their going forth, so He made them lag behind, and they were told, “Stay behind with those who are staying behind[45].” ——— [45] i.e., the terminally weak, women and children.

If they had gone forth with you, they would have only increased you in disorder and would have scurried around, sowing discord among you, and some of you would have listened to them. And Allah is All-Knowing of the wrongdoers.

They had surely sought to sow discord before and devised plots against you [O Prophet][46] until the truth [i.e., victory] came and Allah’s decree [i.e., religion] prevailed, even though they were averse. ——— [46] They spared no effort to put their insidious artifice into action against the Prophet (ﷺ) and the believers.

There are some among them who say, “Exempt me and do not expose me to temptation.” They have already fallen into temptation[47]. Hell will certainly encompass the disbelievers. ——— [47] By avoiding their obligations, they fell into destruction.

If something good happens to you, it grieves them, but if a disaster befalls you, they say, “We have taken our precautions beforehand[48],” and they turn away rejoicing. ——— [48] The hypocrites claim to have protected themselves by not setting out on the campaign.

Say, “Nothing will ever befall us except that which Allah has decreed for us; He is our Protector.” And in Allah alone let the believers put their trust.

Say, “Are you awaiting to befall us except one of the two fine things [i.e., victory or martyrdom][49]? But we are awaiting that Allah will afflict you with punishment from Himself or at our hands. So wait; we too are waiting with you.” ——— [49] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “When your brothers were struck down in the Battle of Badr, Allah placed their souls in the abdominal cavities of green fowls, they drink from the rivers of Paradise, eat from its fruits and come back at the end of the day to repose in chandeliers hung in the Shadow of the Majestic Throne...” [Abū Dāwūd: 2520, Ahmad: 2388]

Say, “Whether you spend willingly or unwillingly, it will never be accepted from you, for you have been a wicked people.”

Nothing prevents the acceptance of their spending except that they disbelieve in Allah and His Messenger, they do not come to prayer but lazily[50], and they do not spend but reluctantly. ——— [50] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "No prayer is heavier for the hypocrites than the Fajr and the ‘Isha’ prayers; but if they knew the reward for these prayers at their respective times, they would certainly attend even if they had to crawl..." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 626]

So do not let their wealth or their children impress you; Allah only intends to punish them through these things in the life of this world and to let their souls depart while they are still disbelievers.

They swear by Allah that they belong to you[51], but they do not belong to you; rather they are a people who are afraid [of you]. ——— [51] In their precarious situation, they lie as a line of defence.

If they could find a refuge, caves, or a place to hide, they would rush headlong to it[52]. ——— [52] A vividly depiction of their life of constant distress and anguish.

There are some among them who criticize you [O Prophet] concerning alms[53]; if they are given something thereof, they are pleased, but if they are not given, they are enraged. ——— [53] The hypocrites would insinuate that the noble Messenger (ﷺ) was not fair in dividing zakah revenues.

If only they had been pleased with that which Allah and His Messenger gave them, and said, “Allah is sufficient for us; Allah will give us out of His bounty, and so will His Messenger; to Allah alone we turn with hope.”

Alms [i.e., zakah] is only for the poor and the needy; those in charge of it; those whose hearts may be attracted [to Islam]; for freeing those in bondage; for those in debt; for the cause of Allah; and for [the stranded] traveler[54] – as ordained by Allah, for Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. ——— [54] See 2:83, 2:273.

Among those [hypocrites] are some who offend the Prophet and say, “He listens to everyone[55].” Say [O Prophet], “He listens to what is best for you[56]; he believes in Allah, trusts the believers, and is a mercy for those of you who believe.” But for those who offend the Messenger of Allah, there will be a painful punishment. ——— [55] i.e., he believes everything he hears. [56] i.e., he listens but to what is good and not to evil; he listens and overlooks; he turns a blind eye when you come with fabrications.

They swear by Allah to you [O Muslims] to please you, but it is Allah and His Messenger whose pleasure they should seek, if they are true believers.

Do they not know that whoever opposes Allah and His Messenger will dwell in the Fire of Hell forever? That is the ultimate disgrace.

The hypocrites fear that a chapter should be sent down about them, informing [the believers] of what is in their hearts[57]. Say [O Prophet], “Keep on mocking! Allah will certainly expose what you fear.” ——— [57] i.e., exposing their disbelief.

If you question them, they will surely say, “We were only indulging in idle talk and playing.” Say, “Was it Allah, His verses and His Messenger that you were mocking[58]?” ——— [58] ‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (رضي الله عنهما) reported: “During the Tabuk Expedition a man said in a gathering: “I have not seen anyone who is more gluttonous, lying and cowardly than these reciters of ours!” A man in the same gathering replied to him: “Liar! You are indeed a hypocrite! I shall tell the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)!” When the news reached the Messenger (ﷺ), verses from the Qur’an came down regarding the incident.” The narrator continues: “I saw him clinging to the belly strap of the Messenger’s (ﷺ) she-camel, saying: “Messenger of Allah! We were only chit-chatting and passing time!” While the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was reciting: “Were you mocking of Allah, His Signs, and His Messenger”. [cf. Ibn Abī Hātim, al-Tabarī, al-Shinqītī]

Make no excuses; you have disbelieved after having believed[59]. If We pardon some of you, We will punish others because they are wicked. ——— [59] However, the door of repentance is still open for them.

The hypocrites, both men and women, are all alike; they enjoin what is evil and forbid what is good, and they withhold their hands [from giving][60]. They forgot Allah, so He forgot them. Indeed, the hypocrites are the rebellious. ——— [60] i.e., from spending in the way of Allah.

Allah has promised the hypocrites, both men and women, and the disbelievers the Fire of Hell, abiding therein forever – it is sufficient for them. Allah has cursed them, and for them there will be an everlasting punishment.

[O hypocrites, you are] like those who came before you, who were more powerful than you and more abundant in wealth and children. They enjoyed their share, and you too have enjoyed your share just as those who came before you enjoyed their share; and you have indulged in idle talk just as they did. Such are those whose deeds have become worthless in this world and in the Hereafter; it is they who are the losers.

Have they not received the stories of those who came before them: the people of Noah, ‘Ād, Thamūd, the people of Abraham, the dwellers of Midian, and the overturned cities [of Lot]? Their messengers came to them with clear signs. It was not Allah who wronged them, but it was they who wronged themselves.

The believers, both men and women, are allies of one another; they enjoin what is good and forbid what is evil, they establish prayer, give zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. It is they who will receive Allah’s mercy, for Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Allah has promised the believers, both men and women, gardens under which rivers flow, abiding therein forever, and splendid dwellings in the Gardens of Eternity, and Allah’s pleasure, which is the greatest of all; that is the supreme triumph.

O Prophet, strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be harsh with them. Their abode is Hell. What a terrible destination!

They swear by Allah that they said nothing [blasphemous], while they indeed uttered a word of blasphemy[61], and disbelieved after accepting Islam, and plotted what they could not achieve[62]. They are spiteful [against believers] for no reason except that Allah and His Messenger have enriched them out of His bounty. If they repent, it will be better for them, but if they turn away, Allah will chastise them with a painful punishment in this world and in the Hereafter, and they will have on earth no protector or helper. ——— [61] such as insulting the Messenger (ﷺ) and attacking the religion. [62] They devised to assassinate the Prophet (ﷺ) upon his return from the Tabuk Expedition, but their plot was foiled.

There are some among them who made a covenant with Allah: “If He gives us out of His bounty, we will surely spend in charity and be among the righteous.”

But when He did give them out of His bounty, they grew stingy and turned away in aversion.

So as a consequence, He caused hypocrisy to take root in their hearts until the Day they meet Him, because of breaking their promise to Allah, and because of their persistent lying.

Do they not know that Allah knows their secret and private conversations and that Allah is the All-Knower of all unseen?

Those who disparage the believers who voluntarily give charities and ridicule them for having nothing to give except their effort[63]. Allah will ridicule them, and for them there will be a painful punishment. ——— [63] They hurtle sneering comments on both the well-off who give generously, saying that they do so out of show off, and those who can only help with the very little they have, and deride them for it.

Whether you [O Prophet] seek forgiveness for them or not, even if you seek forgiveness for them seventy times[64], Allah will never forgive them[65]; that is because they disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger. Allah does not guide the rebellious people. ——— [64] The number 70 is not meant, but is rather used to denote numerousness per se. [65] ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (رضي الله عنه) reported: “When ‘Abdullāh ibn ’Ubayy ibn Salūl died, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was summoned to Pray for him. As He (ﷺ) stood up, I sprang to him and said: “Messenger of Allah, will you pray over Ibn ’Ubayy, in spite of him saying so and so on the day of so and so!” I recounted to him (ﷺ) what he said. The Messenger (ﷺ) smiled and said: “Move away from me ‘Umar.” When I had argued a great deal with him, he said: “I was given a choice and I made my choice. Had I known that if I were to seek forgiveness for him more than seventy times he would be forgiven, I would have sought it more!” The Messenger (ﷺ) prayed and then left. It was just a short while after that the two verses in Barā’ah (al-Tawbah) came down: “Do not ever pray over anyone of them who dies … died while in a state of contravention”…” [Al-Bukhārī: 1366].

Those who remained behind rejoiced for doing so in defiance of the Messenger of Allah, and disliked to strive in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their lives[66], and said, “Do not march forth in this heat[67].” Say, “The Fire of Hell is more intense in heat.” – If only they could understand! ——— [66] While in reality, Allah had prevented their participation knowing of their hypocrisy and evil intent. [67] In the Tabuk Expedition.

Let them laugh a little and weep a lot as a recompense for what they used to do.

If Allah brings you back to a group of them and they ask your permission to go forth with you, say, “You will never go forth with me, nor will you ever fight an enemy with me. You were content to remain behind the first time, so now stay with those who remained behind[68].” ——— [68] It is used here to impart a derogatory sense because of their incapacity.

Never offer the funeral prayer for any of them who dies, nor stand by his grave, for they have disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger, and died as evildoers.

Do not let their wealth or their children impress you; Allah only intends to punish them with these things in this world, and to let their souls depart while they are disbelievers[69]. ——— [69] The wording of this verse is almost identical to verse 55 above, reiterating its message.

Whenever a Chapter is sent down [saying], “Believe in Allah and fight along with His Messenger,” the affluent among them would ask you to excuse them, saying, “Let us remain with those who stay behind[70].” ——— [70] i.e., the weak, the terminally ill and the incapacitated.

They are content to be with those helpless who stay behind[71]; their hearts have been sealed, so that they do not understand. ——— [71] They are mainly women.

But the Messenger and those who believe with him strive with their wealth and their lives. It is they who will have all kinds of good, and it is they who are successful.

Allah has prepared for them gardens under which rivers flow, abiding therein forever; that is the supreme triumph.

Some of the Bedouins came with excuses, seeking to be exempted, while others who lied to Allah and His Messenger stayed behind. Those who disbelieved among them will be afflicted with a painful punishment.

There is no blame on the weak, the sick, or those who have nothing to spend, as long as they are sincere to Allah and His Messenger. There is no blame on those who do good, and Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Nor is there any blame on those who came to you asking you for mounts to take them along, and you said, “I can find no mounts for you;” they turned away with their eyes overflowing with tears out of grief that they had nothing to spend.

Blame is only on those who ask you for exemption even though they are affluent. They are content to stay behind with the helpless[72], and Allah has sealed their hearts so they do not know. ——— [72] i.e., women who stayed home.

They will make excuses to you when you return to them. Say, “Make no excuses; we will never believe you[73]. Allah has already informed us about your affairs. Allah and His Messenger will see your deeds, then you will be brought back to the Knower of the unseen and the seen, and He will inform you of what you used to do.” ——— [73] What really matters are deeds not mere words.

When you return to them, they will swear to you by Allah so that you may leave them alone. So leave them alone, for they are evil. Their abode is Hell, as a recompense for what they used to do.

They will swear to you in order to please you. Even if you are pleased with them, Allah will not be pleased with the rebellious people.

The Bedouins are worse in disbelief and hypocrisy, and less likely to know the limits sent down by Allah to His Messenger. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

Among the Bedouins are some who consider what they spend as a loss and await some misfortune to befall you. May ill fortune befall them! And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

However, there are some among the Bedouins who believe in Allah and the Last Day, and consider what they spend as a means of drawing closer to Allah, and of deserving the invocations of the Messenger. It is certainly a means of drawing closer for them. Allah will admit them to His mercy, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

As for the first forerunners of the Emigrants[74] and the Helpers[75], and those who followed them in righteous deeds, Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him. He has prepared for them gardens under which rivers flow, abiding therein forever. That is the supreme triumph. ——— [74] Those who emigrated from Makkah to Madīnah. [75] The Muslims of Madīnah who helped the Prophet (ﷺ) and other Muslims.

Among the Bedouins around you are some hypocrites, as are from the people of Madinah; they are obstinate in their hypocrisy[76]. You do not know them; We know them. We will punish them twice[77], and then they will be brought back to a great punishment[78]. ——— [76] These are society’s worst elements. [77] Twice: once in this life and then in their graves. [78] In the lowest depths of the Hellfire. See 4:145.

And there are others who admitted their sins; they have mixed righteous deeds with others that were evil[79]. It is likely that Allah will turn to them in mercy, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [79] i.e., their previous participation in jihād but abstaining on the occasion of Tabūk.

Take charity from their wealth [O Prophet] to cleanse and purify them, and pray for them. Your prayer is a source of comfort for them. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Do they not know that it is Allah Who accepts the repentance of His slaves and accepts their charities, and that it is Allah Who is the Accepter of Repentance, Most Merciful?

And say, “Do as you will; Allah will see your deeds, and so will His Messenger and the believers, then you will be brought back to the Knower of the unseen and the seen, and He will inform you of what you used to do.”

And there are yet others who await Allah’s decision; either He will punish them or turn to them in mercy. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

There are those [hypocrites] who built a mosque to cause harm[80], promote disbelief and create division among the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will surely swear, “We intend nothing but good,” but Allah testifies that they are indeed liars. ——— [80] The most conniving hypocrites in Madinah built a mosque ‘masjid al-dirār’ (the mosque of harm) to cause dissension and discord among Muslims.

Never pray therein [O Prophet]. A mosque that was founded on piety[81] from the first day is more deserving for you to pray therein. In it are men who love to keep themselves pure, and Allah loves those who keep themselves pure. ——— [81] This is the description of the Qubā’ mosque.

Who is better – one who laid the foundation of his building on piety and seeking Allah’s pleasure; or one who laid the foundation of his building on the edge of a crumbling precipice, so it tumbled down with him into the Fire of Hell? And Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.

This building which they built will not cease to be a source of unrest in their hearts until their hearts are cut into pieces. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their wealth, and in return they will have Paradise[82]; they fight in the cause of Allah and they kill or are killed. This is a true promise, given by Him in the Torah, the Gospel and the Qur’an. Who is more faithful to his promise than Allah? Rejoice then in the transaction you have made with Him; that is the supreme triumph. ——— [82] Jābir ibn ‘Abdullah (رضي الله عنهما) reported: "On the day of the battle of Uhud, a man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: "Can you tell me where I will be if I am martyred?" The Prophet (ﷺ) replied: "In Paradise." The man threw away some dates he was carrying in his hand, and fought till he was martyred." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 377]

[Those believers] are the ones who repent, who constantly worship, who praise Him, who fast, who bow down and prostrate, who enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong, and who observe the limits set by Allah; give glad tidings to the believers.

It is not fitting for the Prophet and those who believe to seek forgiveness for the polytheists[83], even if they are close relatives, after becoming clear to them that they are the people of Blazing Fire. ——— [83] When Abu Tālib, the Prophet’s uncle, died as a disbeliever, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: “By Allah, I shall keep on asking for forgiveness for you, unless I am told to cease!” Then this verse was revealed. [Al-Bukhārī: 3884, Muslim: 24].

As for the prayer of Abraham for his father’s forgiveness, it was only because of a promise he had made to him. However, when it became clear to him that he was an enemy of Allah, he dissociated himself from him[84]. Indeed, Abraham was tender-hearted and forbearing. ——— [84] This prohibition is not exclusive to Islam as it has been in effect since the time of Abraham (عليه السلام)

Allah will not cause a people to go astray after He has guided them until He makes clear to them what they should avoid[85]. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing of everything. ——— [85] ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Umar (رضي الله عنهما) reported regarding al-Haruriyah (the kharijites) that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "They will go out of Islam as an arrow darts out of the game’s body." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 66]

Indeed, to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and earth. He gives life and causes death. You have no protector or helper besides Allah.

Indeed, Allah has turned in mercy to the Prophet, the Emigrants and the Helpers who followed him in the hour of hardship [at Tabūk], after some of them were about to lose heart. Then He turned to them in mercy, for He is All-Gracious, Most Merciful to them.

[And Allah also turned in mercy to] the three who stayed behind[86], until the earth became constrained to them, despite its vastness, and their souls became a burden to them, and they realized that there was no refuge from Allah except in Him. Then He turned to them in mercy, so that they might repent, for Allah is the Accepter of Repentance, the Most Merciful. ——— [86] Or whose cases were deferred. They were: Ka‘b ibn Mālik, Hilāl ibn ’Umayyah and Murārah ibn al-Rabī‘, who were sincere Companions but failed to join the Messenger’s (ﷺ) campaign in Tabūk Expedition. When he came back, unlike the hypocrites, they told the truth that they had no excuse. So, the Messenger (ﷺ) imposed a ban on them and forbade people to talk to them. This lasted for fifty nights until this verse was revealed. During this time, they endured huge mental anguish for being ostracized by the whole society. [For further details see: Al-Bukhārī: 4418, and Muslim: 2769]

O you who believe, fear Allah and be with those who are truthful[87]. ——— [87] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “...A man speaks the truth and heeds it until he is recorded with Allah as an affirmer of the truth (siddīq)...” [Al-Bukhārī: 6094, Muslim: 2607]

It was not for the people of Madinah and the Bedouins around them to stay behind the Messenger of Allah[88] or to prefer their own lives to his. That is because whenever they suffer any thirst, weariness or hunger in the cause of Allah, or tread a place which enrages the disbelievers, or inflict any loss upon an enemy, a righteous deed is recorded for them. Allah does not let the reward of those who do good to go to waste. ——— [88] In times of hardship, they should have endured sufferings along with the Prophet (ﷺ) instead of staying behind.

Nor do they spend anything [for Allah’s cause], small or large, or cross a valley, but it is recorded for them, so that Allah may give them the best reward for what they used to do.

It is not right for the believers to march forth all at once; a group should go forth to acquire deeper knowledge of the religion, in order to admonish their people when they return to them, so that they may be cautious.

O you who believe, fight those disbelievers who are around you[89], and let them find harshness in you; and know that Allah is with those who fear Him. ——— [89] Ensuring that the borders are secure and the enemy does not think of attacking Muslims.

Whenever a Chapter is sent down, some of those [hypocrites] say, “Which of you has had his Faith increased by it[90]?” As for those who believe, it does increase them in faith and they rejoice. ——— [90] They flippantly did so to ridicule the believers.

But as for those in whose hearts is sickness, it only increases them in wickedness[91] to their wickedness, and they will die while they are disbelievers. ——— [91] Lit, "filth," i.e., hypocrisy and disbelief.

Do they not see that they are put to trial once or twice every year? Yet they neither repent nor do they take heed.

Whenever a Chapter is revealed, they look at one another [saying], “Is anyone watching you?” Then they slip away[92]. Allah has turned their hearts away because they are a people who do not understand. ——— [92] They would exchange glances as if saying to one another: “Who is this person who sees you while you plot in secret and tells Muhammad (ﷺ) about it?” Instead of paying heed, they would turn away reverting to their ways.

There has come to you a Messenger from among yourselves; he is grieved by your suffering, and is concerned for you, and is gracious and merciful towards the believers[93]. ——— [93] The Messenger (ﷺ) was keen on guiding people and teaching them all that is good, particularly the believers.

But if they turn away, then say, “Allah is sufficient for me; none has the right to be worshiped except Him[94]; in Him I put my trust, and He is the Lord of the Mighty Throne.” ——— [94] The surah ends with a comforting note to the Messenger (ﷺ) in the face of all stiff opposition and resistance, to seek support in Allah and find solace in these words.

Alif Lām Ra[1]. These are the verses of the Book of wisdom. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

Is it surprising to people that We have sent revelation to a man from among themselves to warn people[2] and give glad tidings to those who believe, that they will have a noble position with their Lord? But the disbelievers say, “This man is a clear magician![3]” ——— [2] i.e., Quraysh disbelievers. [3] They could only rationalize the bewildering effect of the Message by saying that it bewitches people.

Allah is your Lord Who created the heavens and earth in six Days and then rose over the Throne[4], governing all affairs[5]. None can intercede except by His permission[6]. Such is Allah your Lord, so worship Him. Will you not then take heed? ——— [4] See footnote 7:54. [5] This is a manifest sign of Allah’s omnipotence, and thus He alone is worthy of worship. [6] He is not like any sovereign whose inner circle of close aides and relatives dare to intercede, relying on his need for them.

To Him is your return altogether. Allah’s promise will surely come true. He originates the creation then brings it back, so that He may justly reward those who believe and do righteous deeds. But for those who disbelieve, there will be a drink of scalding water and a painful punishment because of their disbelief.

It is He Who made the sun a radiant light[7] and the moon a reflected light[8], and precisely determined its phases, so that you may know the number of years and account [of time][9]. Allah has not created all of this except for a true purpose[10]. He makes the signs clear for people who know. ——— [7] Diyā’ is glowing with glaring light. [8] Nūr is reflected light. [9] It provides concrete signs of Allah’s Lordship. [10] The wisdom is to lead people to realize the Oneness of Allah.

Indeed, in the alternation of the night and day, and in what Allah has created in the heavens and earth, there are signs[11] for people who fear Him. ——— [11] These are cosmic signs (āyāt kawniyyah).

Those who do not expect to meet Us, and are pleased and content with the life of this world[12], and those who are heedless of Our signs, ——— [12] They do not give a second’s thought to resurrection and reckoning; their current life is all that matters to them.

their abode will be the Fire, for what they used to earn.

As for those who believe and do righteous deeds[13], their Lord will guide them by virtue of their faith. Rivers will flow beneath them in the Gardens of Bliss. ——— [13] Sincere Faith and good deeds lead to Paradise.

Their prayer will be, “Glorify be to You, O Allah,” and their greeting will be, “Peace,” and the closing of their prayer will be, “All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds.”

If Allah were to hasten evil[14] to the people, just as they seek to hasten good[15], they would have been ruined. But We leave those who do not expect to meet Us to wander blindly in their transgression. ——— [14] i.e., invoking against oneself or one’s children in anger. [15] “Man prays for evil as he prays for good, for man is ever hasty.” See 17:11.

When hardship befalls man, he calls upon Us, whether lying on his side, sitting or standing. But when We remove his hardship, he turns a blind eye as though he had never called upon Us to remove his hardship[16]. This is how the misdeeds of the transgressors are made appealing to them. ——— [16] “When We bestow favor upon man, he turns away and distances himself [from Us]; but when evil touches him, he is full of prolonged supplication.” See 41:51.

We destroyed the generations[17] before you when they indulged in wrongdoing, and their messengers came to them with clear proofs, but they would not believe. This is how We recompense the wicked people. ——— [17] i.e., the people of Noah, ‘Ād, Thamūd, the people of Abraham, the dwellers of Midian, and the overturned cities [of Lot]” See 9:70.

Then We made you their successors in the land to see how you would behave[18]. ——— [18] The Messenger (ﷺ) said: “Life is alluringly lush green. Allah will make you successors in it to see what you do” [Muslim: 2742].

When Our verses are recited to them clearly, those who do not expect to meet Us say, “Bring us a different Qur’an, or make changes in it[19].” Say, “It is not for me to change it on my own accord; I only follow what is revealed to me. If I were to disobey my Lord, I fear the punishment of a momentous Day.” ——— [19] They hated those parts of the Qur’an that did not conform to their erroneous way of life, such as resurrection.

Say, “If Allah had willed, I would not have recited it to you, nor would He have made it known to you. I have spent a lifetime[20] among you before this. Do you not then understand?” ——— [20] i.e., forty years before receiving revelation.

Who does greater wrong than he who fabricates lies against Allah or rejects His verses? Indeed, the wicked will never succeed.

They worship besides Allah those who can neither harm nor benefit them, saying, “These are our intercessors with Allah.” Say, “Do you inform Allah of what He does not know in the heavens or on the earth? Glorified and Exalted is He far above what they associate [with Him]!”

The whole of mankind was but a single community, then they differed[21]. If it had not been for a prior decree from your Lord, a decisive judgment would have been passed between them concerning their differences[22]. ——— [21] Ibn ‘Abbās (رضى الله عنهما) reported: “The time between Adam and Noah was ten centuries. Throughout these, people were on the right path of Allah, but then they started disputing [over matters of Faith, i.e., idol worshiping]. So, Allah sent prophets bearing glad tiding and warning”. [Al-Hākim, Al-Mustadrak: 2:546, cf. Al-Tabarī] [22] i.e., not to punish anyone before evidence has come to him, or not to judge between them in this life.

They say, “Why has no sign[23] been sent down to him from his Lord?” Say [O Prophet], “The unseen belongs to Allah alone. Wait then; I too am waiting with you.” ——— [23] i.e., a miracle.

When We give people a taste of mercy after being afflicted with adversity, they start plotting against Our verses. Say, “Allah is swifter in planning [retribution]. Our angel-messengers record whatever you plot.”

It is He Who enables you to travel through the land and sea, until when you are in the ships and they sail with those on board and rejoicing in a favorable wind, then suddenly a stormy wind comes, with waves crashing into them on all sides, and they feel that there is no escape. Then they cry out to Allah[24] with sincere devotion to Him, “If You save us from this, we will surely be among those who are grateful.” ——— [24] The journey of life is vulnerable and precarious, which is analogous to a sea voyage, where people ride and are not sure when the tide will turn against them. It is out of Allah’s grace that keeps them safe from the woes and perils of life.

However, when He saves them, they start transgressing in the land unjustly[25]. O people, your transgression is against your own souls. Take your little enjoyment in this life; then to Us is your return, and We will inform you of what you used to do. ——— [25] By disbelief, associating false deities with Allah and committing sins.

The likeness of the life of this world is that of the rain that We send down from the sky, and it mixes with the plants of the earth, from which both humans and livestock eat. Then when the earth is in its splendor and its fairest appearance, and its owners feel that they have full control over it, Our command comes to it, by night or by day, and We reduce it to stubble, as if it had not flourished the day before[26]. This is how We make the signs clear for people who reflect. ——— [26] The precariousness of life and its transient nature has been depicted beautifully here through potent analogy, so that people may realize that life is nothing but an illusory enjoyment, which will soon come to an abrupt end by death, but the Hereafter is the real and everlasting life.

Allah invites to the Home of Peace[27] and guides whom He wills to a straight path. ——— [27] i.e., Paradise.

For those who do good, there will be the best reward and more[28] – neither gloom nor humiliation will cover their faces[29]. It is they who are the people of Paradise, they will abide therein forever. ——— [28] Paradise and they will be able to see Allah Almighty. [cf. Sahih Muslim:181] [29] “On that Day some faces will be bright, looking at their Lord” See 75:22-23.

As for those who commit evil deeds, the recompense of an evil deed is the like thereof, and humiliation will cover them[30] – there will be none to protect them from Allah – as if their faces were covered with patches of the darkest night. It is they who are the people of the Fire, they will abide therein forever. ——— [30] “On the Day of Resurrection, you will see those who lied against Allah with their faces darkened” See 39:60.

On the Day when We gather them all together, then We will say to those who associated partners with Us, “Stay where you are, you and your [so-called] partners!” Then We will separate them, and their partners[31] will say, “It was not us that you used to worship! ——— [31] i.e., with Allah.

Allah is sufficient as a Witness between us and you that we were completely unaware of your worship.”

Thereupon, every soul will realize what it did in the past. They will be brought back to Allah, their True Guardian, and all [false gods] that they fabricated will vanish from them.

Say, “Who provides for you from the heaven and earth? Or who owns [your] hearing and sight? Who brings forth the living from the dead and the dead from the living? Who controls all things?” They will say, “Allah[32].” Say, “Do you not then fear Him? ——— [32] These are some of the most potent signs of Allah’s Lordship, Who is the sole rightful to worship.

Such is Allah, your True Lord. What is beyond the truth except falsehood? So how could you be averted [from the truth]?”

Thus the decree of your Lord has come true against the wicked, that they will never believe[33]. ——— [33] That is the predestined decree that the ardently rebellious will never be guided.

Say, “Can any of your [so-called] partners originate creation and then repeat it[34]?” Say, “Allah originates creation and then repeats it. How are you then deluded [from the truth]?” ——— [34] It proves utter inability and unworthiness of false gods to worship.

Say, “Can any of your [so-called] partners guide to the truth[35]?” Say, “Allah guides to the truth.” Who is then more worthy to be followed: the One Who guides to the truth, or he who has no guidance unless he himself is guided? What is the matter with you, that you judge so[36]? ——— [35] Failure of idols is further exposed that they are unable to guide to the straight path. [36] How errantly you judge and equate between Allah and your idols?!

Most of them follow nothing but assumptions. However, assumptions are of no avail against the truth. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing of what they do.

This Qur’an could not possibly have been produced by anyone other than Allah. It is a confirmation of what came before it and an explanation of the Scripture and is undoubtedly from the Lord of the worlds.

Or do they say, “He fabricated it?” Say, “Produce then one chapter like it[37], and call upon whoever you can other than Allah, if you are truthful!” ——— [37] “Say: “If all humans and jinn were to come together to produce something similar to this Qur’an, they would not be able to produce the like of it, even if they collaborated with one another.” See 17:88.

But they rejected that which they did not comprehend, and its warning has not yet been fulfilled against them. Similarly, those who came before them refused to believe. Then see how was the end of the wrongdoers!

There are some among them who will believe in it and others will not. And your Lord knows best those who spread corruption.

If they reject you, then say, “My deeds are mine and your deeds are yours[38]. You are not responsible for what I do, nor am I responsible for what you do.” ——— [38] When argument is of no great use, there is no need for further debate.

Among them are some who listen to you, but can you make the deaf hear, even though they have no understanding?

And among them are some who look at you, but can you guide the blind even though they have no sight[39]? ——— [39] “It is not the eyes that turn blind, but it is the hearts within the breasts that turn blind.” See 22:46.

Allah does not wrong people in the least, but it is people who wrong themselves.

On the Day when He will gather them, it will be as if they had not stayed [in this world] except for an hour of a day, they will recognize one another[40]. Those who denied the meeting of Allah will be losers, for they did not follow guidance. ——— [40] Only then they will realize their fatal error, and their interaction will only be one of mutual reproach.

Whether We show you [O Prophet] some of that [punishment] of which We warn them, or We cause you to die, to Us is their return, and Allah is a Witness to all what they do.

For every people there is a messenger. When their messenger comes, it will be judged[41] between them with justice, and they will not be wronged. ——— [41] By his coming, wheat is sorted out from the chaff: Those who believe are saved but those who deny are doomed.

They say, “When will this warning[42] come to pass, if you are truthful?” ——— [42] i.e., their due punishment in this life or the coming of the Hour.

Say, “I have no power to harm or benefit myself, except by the Will of Allah.” For every people there is an appointed term; when their time comes, they can neither delay it for a moment nor can they bring it forward.

Say, “What do you think, if His punishment were to overtake you by night or by day, what part of it would the wicked seek to hasten[43]? ——— [43] They flippantly seek Allah’s punishment as proof of the Prophet’s (ﷺ) truthfulness.

Will you believe in it only after it befalls you[44]? Now! While you used to seek its hastening[45]?” ——— [44] i.e., it is too late to benefit from belief. [45] Challenging those who sought to bring it immediately.

Then the wrongdoers will be told, “Taste the everlasting punishment! Are you being recompensed except for what you used to earn?”

They ask you, “Is it true?” Say, “Yes, by my Lord. It is certainly true, and you cannot escape it.”

If every wrongdoer were to possess all that is on earth, he would surely offer it to ransom himself. They will hide their remorse[46] when they see the punishment. They will be judged in all fairness, and they will not be wronged. ——— [46] Profound remorse and sorrow is a type of self-punishment, which is not less severe than imposed punishment.

Indeed, to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and earth. Allah’s promise is certainly true, but most of them do not know.

It is He Who gives life and causes death, and to Him you will all be returned.

O people, there has come to you an exhortation from your Lord, a cure for [illness] of the hearts, a guidance and mercy for the believers.

Say, “By Allah’s grace and His mercy let them therefore rejoice. It is much better than what they accumulate[47].” ——— [47] “The mercy of your Lord is better than what they accumulate” See 43:32.

Say [to the pagans], “What do you think about the provision that Allah has sent down to you, of which you made some unlawful and some lawful[48].” Say, “Has Allah given you permission or are you fabricating lies against Allah?” ——— [48] See 6:138-139.

What do those who fabricate lies against Allah think of it on the Day of Judgment[49]? Indeed, Allah is bountiful to people, yet most of them are ungrateful. ——— [49] “On the Day of Resurrection, you will see those who lied against Allah with their faces darkened. Is there not in Hell an abode for the arrogant?” See 39:60.

Whatever matter you [O Prophet] may be engaged in, and whatever portion of the Qur’an you may recite, and whatever deed you [O people] may do, We are a Witness over you when you are engaged in it. Nothing is hidden from your Lord, not even an atom’s weight on earth nor in heaven, nor anything smaller or greater than that, except that it is [written] in a clear Record[50]. ——— [50] It soothes and assuages the believing community; that their deeds are recorded and that they are more successful side.

Indeed, the allies of Allah will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

Those who believe and fear Allah.

For them are glad tidings in the life of this world[51] and in the Hereafter; there is no change in Allah’s words. That is the supreme triumph. ——— [51] i.e., good dream; people’s good mention of them; glad tidings from the angels while dying and after death. The Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The good dream of a believer is a part of the forty-six parts of prophethood." [Sahih al-Bukhāri:117]

Do not let their words grieve you. Indeed, all power belongs to Allah. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

Indeed, to Allah belongs all those who are in the heavens and all those who are on earth. Those who invoke [so-called] partners besides Allah follow nothing but conjecture and they do nothing but lie.

It is He Who made the night for you to rest therein and the day bright. Indeed, there are signs in this for people who listen.

They say, “Allah has taken a son.” Glory be to Him! He is the Self-Sufficient. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. You have no proof for this. Do you[52] say about Allah something that you do not know? ——— [52] The Jews, Christians and Arab pagans.

Say, “Those who fabricate lies against Allah will never succeed.”

A short enjoyment in this life, then to Us is their return, then We will make them taste the severe punishment because of their disbelief.

Relate to them the story of Noah when he said to his people, “O my People, if my presence among you and my reminding you of Allah’s signs have become unbearable to you, then in Allah I have put my trust. So gather all your schemes, you and your [so-called] partners, leaving no room for uncertainty, then carry it out against me, and give me no respite[53]. ——— [53] Prophet Noah’s (عليه السلام) mission lasted for 950 long years of argumentation with his people and is described in much detail in the Qur’an: “They said: “O Noah, you have argued with us and argued much, so bring us what you have promised us if you are telling the truth!” (11:32); “They said: “If you cease not, O Noah, you will indeed be among the stoned!” (26:116). He finally challenged them in a manner fully trusting in Allah that no one could cause him harm unless Allah willed it so.

But if you turn away, then I have not asked you for any reward. My reward is only with Allah, and I have been commanded to be among those who submit to Allah [as Muslims].”

But they rejected him, so We saved him and those who were with him in the Ark, and made them successors[54], and We drowned those who rejected Our signs. Then see how was the end of those who were warned. ——— [54] Allah Almighty made the people who followed Noah the ones whose posterity was to last in the land.

Then We sent after him messengers to their [own] peoples; they came to them with clear proofs, but they would not believe in what they had already rejected beforehand[55]. This is how We seal the hearts of the transgressors. ——— [55] i.e., the succeeding generations were persistent in disbelief.

Then We sent after them Moses and Aaron with Our signs to Pharaoh and his chiefs, but they showed arrogance and were wicked people.

So when the truth came to them from Us, they said, “This is indeed a clear magic!”

Moses said, “Do you say this about the truth after it has come to you? Can this be magic? But magicians will never succeed.”

They said, “Have you come to turn us away from what we found our forefathers following, so that you two might become supreme in the land? We will never believe in you[56]!” ——— [56] “They said: “No matter what sign you may bring to enchant us, we are not going to believe in you.” See 7:132.

Pharaoh said, “Bring me all learned magicians.”

When the magicians came, Moses said to them, “Cast whatever you have to cast.”

When they did, Moses said, “All what you have brought is mere magic; Allah will surely make it useless, for Allah does not let the work of the mischief-makers thrive.

And Allah establishes the truth by His Words, even though the wicked abhor it.”

But none believed in Moses except some youth of his own people, despite their fear that Pharaoh and their own chiefs might persecute them[57]. Pharaoh was indeed a tyrant in the land and he was truly one of the transgressors. ——— [57] i.e., to drive them away from following the truth by inflicting hardship on them.

Moses said, “O my people, if you have faith in Allah, then put your trust in Him, if you have truly submitted.”

They said, “In Allah we put our trust. Our Lord, do not subject us to the persecution of the oppressive people[58], ——— [58] By overpowering them and making them revert from the right path to disbelief.

and save us by Your mercy from the disbelieving people.”

We inspired Moses and his brother, “Provide houses for your people in Egypt, and make your houses face the qiblah direction, establish prayer, and give glad tidings to the believers.”

Moses said, “Our Lord, You have given Pharaoh and his chiefs splendor and wealth in the life of this world. Our Lord, they may lead people astray from Your way. Our Lord, destroy their wealth and harden their hearts[59], so that they may not believe until they see the painful punishment.” ——— [59] Moses did the same as Noah (عليه السلام) did when Allah told him that none of his people will believe besides those who already did so (cf. 11:36), so he prayed for them to be utterly wiped out (cf. 71:27).

Allah said [to Moses and Aaron], “Your prayer is answered, so be steadfast on the straight path, and do not follow the way of those who do not know.”

We led the Children of Israel across the sea, then Pharaoh and his soldiers pursued them out of transgression and tyranny, until when he was drowning, he said, “I believe that none has the right to be worshiped except He in whom the Children of Israel believe, and I am one of those who submit to Allah.”

[He was told], “Now [you believe]? You had always been disobedient, and were one of the mischief-makers!

So today We will preserve your body, so that you will be an example[60] for those who come after you, yet most people are heedless of Our signs.” ——— [60] i.e., his dead body will be preserved, so that people could see that he had actually died and a lesson for later generations.

We settled the Children of Israel in a blessed land and provided good things for their sustenance[61]. They did not differ until after knowledge had come to them[62]. Your Lord will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning that over which they used to differ. ——— [61] “We shaded you with clouds and sent down to you manna and quails, [saying], “Eat of the good things We have provided for you” See 2:57. [62] After the Torah came to them.

If you are in doubt about what We have sent down to you [O Prophet], then ask those who read the Scripture[63] before you. The truth has surely come to you from your Lord, so never be of those who doubt, ——— [63] i.e., the Torah and the Gospel.

and never be of those who reject the signs of Allah, for then you would be among the losers.

Indeed, those upon whom the decree of Allah is passed will not believe[64], ——— [64] i.e., those who persist in disbelief.

even if every sign were to come to them until they see the painful punishment.

There had never been any town that believed [after seeing the punishment] and benefited from its faith except the people of Jonah[65]. When they believed, We removed from them the punishment of disgrace in the life of this world, and let them enjoy themselves for a while. ——— [65] An exception to this law was given to the people of Jonah (عليه السلام); their sincere faith delivered them at the very last moment.

Had your Lord willed, all those on earth would have believed altogether. Will you then compel people to become believers?

No soul can believe except by Allah’s will, and He will bring disgrace upon those who do not use their intellect.

Say, “Look at what is in the heavens and earth.” But the signs and warnings are of no avail to those who do not believe.

Are they waiting except for the same punishment that befell those who came before them? Say, “Then wait. I too am waiting with you.”

Then We will save Our messengers and those who believe. For We took it upon Us to save the believers.

Say [O Prophet], “O people, if you are in doubt about my religion, then I do not worship those whom you worship besides Allah. But I worship Allah, Who causes you to die, and I have been commanded to be one of the believers.

And be steadfast and exclusively devoted to true faith, and never be of those who associate partners with Allah.

Do not supplicate[66] besides Allah that which can neither benefit nor harm you, for if you do so, you will be one of the wrongdoers. ——— [66] i.e., worship.

If Allah afflicts you with harm, none can remove it except Him; if He wants good for you, none can withhold His bounty. He grants it to whom He wills of His slaves, and He is the All-Forgiving, the Most Merciful.”

Say, “O people, the truth has come to you from your Lord. So whoever accepts guidance, it is only for his own good; and whoever goes astray, it is only for his own loss. I am not a keeper over you.”

Follow what is revealed to you, and be patient until Allah passes His judgment, for He is the Best of Judges.

Alif Lām Ra[1]. This is a Book whose verses are perfected, then fully explained[2], from One Who is All-Wise, All-Aware. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1. [2] i.e., the Qur’an’s verses were made to perfection with neither deficiencies nor contradictions. They were then detailed and explained with truthful news and just rulings.

[Say O Prophet], “Worship none except Allah[3]. Indeed, I am sent to you from Him, as a warner and bearer of glad tidings. ——— [3] This passage succinctly captures the general purport of the Message: people should worship Allah Almighty alone.

And seek your Lord’s forgiveness and turn to Him in repentance, He will grant you good enjoyment of life for an appointed term and graciously reward the doers of good. But if you turn away, I truly fear for you the punishment of a great Day.

To Allah is your return, and He is Most Capable of all things.”

Indeed, they lean forward to conceal their feelings from Him, but even when they cover themselves with their clothes, He knows what they conceal and what they reveal, for He is All-Knowing of what is in the hearts.

There is no moving creature on earth but upon Allah is its provision. He knows its place of dwelling and its place of rest[4]; everything is [written] in a clear Record. ——— [4] Before birth and after death.

It is He Who created the heavens and earth in six Days – and His Throne was upon the water – so that He may test you as to which of you is best in deed. But if you say to them, “You will certainly be raised after death,” the disbelievers will surely say, “This is nothing but clear magic!”

If We delay their punishment for a limited time, they will surely say[5], “What is holding it back?” Indeed, the day when it comes upon them, it will not be averted from them, and they will be encompassed by what they used to ridicule. ——— [5] In ridicule and disbelief.

If We give man a taste of Our mercy, then take it away from him, he becomes utterly despaired and ungrateful.

But if We give him a taste of prosperity after being afflicted with hardship, he will surely say, “All my ills are gone,” and he becomes exultant and boastful,

except those who are patient and do righteous deeds; it is they who will have forgiveness and a great reward.

Perhaps you may disregard some of what is revealed to you [O Prophet][6], and may feel distressed because they say, “Why has not a treasure been sent down to him, or why has not an angel come with him?” You are only a warner[7], and Allah is in charge of all things. ——— [6] i.e., things that they may find arduous to act upon. [7] The Prophet (ﷺ) is tasked only to deliver the message, not to fulfill their whimsical wishes.

Or do they say, “He has fabricated it”? Say, “Then produce ten fabricated Chapters like it and seek help from whoever you can besides Allah, if you are truthful!”

But if they do not respond to you[8], then know that it has been revealed with the knowledge of Allah and that none has the right to be worshiped except Him. Will you then submit to Him [as Muslims]? ——— [8] By accepting the challenge.

Those who seek the life of this world and its splendor, We will repay them in full in this life for their deeds, and nothing will be diminished from them therein.

It is they who will have nothing in the Hereafter but the Fire. All their efforts will be worthless, and all their deeds will be futile.

Can they be like those who are upon clear proof from their Lord, backed by a witness [i.e., Gabriel] from Him, and before it was the Book of Moses a guide and mercy? Such people believe in it. But whoever of the factions[9] disbelieves in it, the Fire will be their promised end. So have no doubt about it, for it is the truth from your Lord, but most people do not believe. ——— [9] i.e., Jews, Christians and all other non-Muslim nations.

Who does greater wrong than he who fabricates lies against Allah[10]? Such people will be presented before their Lord[11], and the witnesses[12] will say, “These are the ones who lied against their Lord.” Indeed, Allah’s curse is upon the wrongdoers, ——— [10] That Allah has a child or associate, or ascribed the Qur’an to the Prophet (ﷺ), or claiming prophethood for themselves. [11] On the Day of Judgment. [12] i.e., the Prophets, the angels and the believers.

those who hinder [people] from the way of Allah, seeking to make it crooked, and they disbelieve in the Hereafter.”

They will have no escape on earth, nor will they have any protector besides Allah. Their punishment will be doubled, for they failed to hear or see [the truth][13]. ——— [13] i.e., they refused to listen to the truth or perceive it.

It is they who destroyed themselves, and all what they fabricated will be lost from them.

There is no doubt that they will be the worst losers in the Hereafter.

Those who believe, do righteous deeds and humble themselves before their Lord, it is they who are the people of Paradise, they will abide therein forever.

The similitude of the two parties is that of the blind and deaf, compared to the seeing and hearing. Are they equal? Will you not then take heed?

We sent Noah to his people [and he said], “I am indeed a clear warner to you,

that you worship none except Allah. I truly fear for you the punishment of a painful Day[14].” ——— [14] i.e., the Day of Judgment.

But the chiefs of his people who disbelieved said, “We only see you as a human being like ourselves, and we do not see those who follow you except the lowest among us apparently. We do not see you superior to us, rather, we think that you are liars.”

He said, “O my people, what do you think, if I should have a clear proof from my Lord, and He has bestowed mercy upon me from Himself, but you fail to see it, can we force you to accept it despite your aversion to it?

O my people, I do not ask you for any wealth in return for it; my reward is only with Allah. I will not dismiss those who believe[15]; they will surely meet their Lord, but I see that you are ignorant people. ——— [15] The upper echelons of society, out of sheer egotism, despised the underprivileged believers and asked Prophet Noah (عليه السلام) to dismiss them, as happened with Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) too.

O my people, who would protect me from Allah if I were to dismiss them? Will you not then take heed?

I do not tell you that I have Allah’s treasures or that I know the unseen, nor do I say that I am an angel. Nor do I say about those whom you look down upon, that Allah will never grant them any good, for Allah knows best what is in their hearts. If I did so, I would surely be one of the wrongdoers.”

They said, “O Noah, you have argued far too much with us, so bring what you are threatening us with, if you are one of the truthful.”

He said, “It is only Allah Who can bring it upon you if He wills, then you will have no escape.

Nor will my advice benefit you – no matter how hard I try – if Allah wills to leave you astray. He is your Lord, and to Him you will be returned.”

Or do they say that he has fabricated it”? Say [O Prophet], “If I did fabricate it, then I am responsible for my sin, but I am innocent of the sins you commit.”

It was revealed to Noah, “None of your people will ever believe except those who have already believed. So do not grieve over what they do[16]. ——— [16] i.e., rejecting the message and mockery.

Construct the Ark under Our [watchful] Eyes[17] and Our direction, and do not plead with Me for those who did wrong, for they will surely be drowned.” ——— [17] Being seen, cared for and protected by Allah Almighty.

So he started constructing the Ark, and every time some chiefs of his people passed by him, they ridiculed him. He said, “If you ridicule us now, we will soon ridicule you as you are ridiculing us.

You will come to know who will be afflicted with a disgracing punishment[18], and upon whom will descend an everlasting punishment[19].” ——— [18] In this life. [19] In the Hereafter.

When Our command came and the oven overflowed, We said, “Take on board a pair from every species and your family[20] – except those who have already been decreed [to drown][21] – and those who believe.” But none believed with him except a few. ——— [20] i.e., Noah’s family. [21] Such as his son.

Noah said, “Board it; in the name of Allah it sails and anchors. My Lord is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

As it sailed with them through waves like mountains, Noah called out to his son[22], who had kept himself apart, “O my son, come aboard with us, and do not be with the disbelievers.” ——— [22] Who was a disbeliever.

He said, “I will take shelter on a mountain which will save me from the water.” Noah said, “Today no one will be saved from Allah’s punishment except those on whom He may have mercy.” Thereupon the waves came between them, and he was among those who were drowned.

And it was said, “O earth, swallow up your water. O sky, withhold [your rain]!” The water subsided and the command was fulfilled, and the Ark settled on Mount Judi, and it was said, “Away with the wrongdoing people!”

Noah called out to his Lord, saying, “My Lord, my son is one of my family[23], and Your promise is true and You are the Most Just of all judges!” ——— [23] To save his family members from drowning.

Allah said, “O Noah, he is not of your family, for he was not righteous in his conduct. So do not ask Me of what you have no knowledge. I admonish you, so you do not be among the ignorant.”

Noah said, “My Lord, I seek refuge with You from asking You that of which I have no knowledge. Unless You forgive me and have mercy upon me, I will be among the losers.”

It was said, “O Noah, disembark with peace from Us, and with blessings upon you and upon some nations [descending] from those who are with you. As for other nations, We will grant them enjoyment for a while, then they will be afflicted with a painful punishment from Us.”

This is one of the stories of the unseen that we reveal to you [O Prophet]; neither you nor your people knew it before this. So be patient; the outcome is for the righteous.

To the people of ‘Ād[24] We sent their brother Hūd. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. You are but fabricators[25]. ——— [24] An Arabian tribe who rebelled against their Messenger, so Allah destroyed them. [25] Their claim to worship others besides Allah was a groundless lie.

O my people, I ask you no reward for it. My reward is only with the One Who created me. Do you not then understand?

O my people, seek forgiveness of your Lord and turn to Him in repentance; He will send down upon you abundant rain from the sky and will add strength to your strength. So do not turn away in wickedness.”

They said, “O Hūd, you have not brought us any clear evidence, and we will not forsake our gods on account of what you say, nor will we believe in you.

All we can say is that some of our gods have afflicted you with madness[26].” He said, “I take Allah as a Witness, and you too be witnesses, that I disown whatever you associate ——— [26] They superstitiously believed that a god of them afflicted Hūd with madness for he was speaking ill of them.

with Him. So plot against me all together, then give me no respite.

I put my trust in Allah, my Lord and your Lord. There is no moving creature but He holds it by its forelock[27]. My Lord is on a straight path[28]. ——— [27] i.e., Allah is in full control over all His creatures. [28] The path of Truth and Justice, as He Almighty does not deal anyone wrongfully.

But if you turn away, I have conveyed to you what I have been sent with. My Lord will replace you with other people, and you cannot harm Him in the least. My Lord watches over all things[29].” ——— [29] He keeps records of the deeds of His servants, and protects him from harm should they intend him evil.

When Our command came, We saved Hūd and those who believed with him by Our mercy, and We saved them from a harsh punishment.

Such were the people of ‘Ād, who denied the signs of their Lord, disobeyed His Messengers and followed the command of every obstinate oppressor.

They were overtaken by a curse in this world and again on the Day of Resurrection. Indeed, ‘Ād denied their Lord; so away with ‘Ād, the people of Hūd!

To the people of Thamūd[30], We sent their brother Sālih. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god except Him. It is He Who brought you into being from the earth and settled you therein. So seek His forgiveness then turn to Him in repentance, for My Lord is Ever Near, All-Responsive.” ——— [30] Another Arabian tribe who rebelled against their Messenger, so they were destroyed.

They said, “O Sālih, we truly had hopes in you before this[31]. Do you forbid us to worship what our fathers used to worship? We are in disturbing doubt about what you are calling us to.” ——— [31] This shows their strong disapproval of his call.

He said, “O my people, what do you think, if I should have clear proof from my Lord, and He has bestowed mercy upon me from Himself, who could protect me from Allah if I were to disobey Him? You would only increase me in loss.

O my people, this she-camel[32] of Allah is a sign to you; so leave her to graze in Allah’s land, and do not touch her with harm, or else an imminent punishment will overtake you.” ——— [32] See 7:73-79, 26:155-156.

But they hamstrung her, so he said, “Enjoy yourselves in your homes for three days. That is an unfailing promise!”

So when Our command came, We saved Sālih and those who believed with him, by Our mercy, and from the disgrace of that day. Your Lord is the All-Powerful, the All-Mighty[33]. ——— [33] i.e., Allah is Able to destroy your people, O Prophet Muhammad, as He destroyed the people of Sālih.

The huge blast[34] seized those who did wrong, and they fell dead in their homes, ——— [34] i.e., a piercing cry.

as though they had never lived there. Indeed, Thamūd denied their Lord; so away with Thamūd!

Our messengers[35] came to Abraham with glad tidings[36]. They said, “Peace.” He said, “Peace.” And in a short while he brought a roasted calf. ——— [35] i.e., angels. [36] That he was about to have his own child.

When he saw their hands not reaching the food[37], he became suspicious and felt scared of them. They said, “Do not be scared. We have been sent to the people of Lot.” ——— [37] Traditionally, if a guest turned down a good gesture, it meant he harbored ill will toward the host.

His wife[38] was standing by and laughed after We gave her glad tidings of [the birth of] Isaac and Jacob after Isaac. ——— [38] Sarah who had no children of her own.

She said, “Alas for me![39] How can I bear a child while I am an old woman, and this is my husband, an old man? This is a strange thing indeed!” ——— [39] An expression of astonishment and amazement.

They said, “Are you amazed at the decree of Allah? May Allah’s mercy and blessings be upon you, O people of the house[40]. He is Praiseworthy, All-Glorious.” ——— [40] i.e., Abraham’s (عليه السلام) household.

When the shock of fear left Abraham and the glad tidings [of Isaac’s birth] came to him, he started pleading with Us[41] concerning the people of Lot. ——— [41] i.e., with Our angels.

Abraham was indeed forbearing, tenderhearted[42], and constantly returning in repentance. ——— [42] i.e., supplicating with humility out of fear of Allah.

[The angels said], “O Abraham, leave this[43], for indeed the command of your Lord has already come to pass, and there will come upon them a punishment that cannot be averted.” ——— [43] Abraham was to intercede on their behalf.

When Our messengers[44] came to Lot, he was perturbed and felt troubled on their account[45], and said, “This is a distressing day.” ——— [44] i.e., angels. [45] He feared for the safety and honor of his guests.

His people came rushing to him, and they were accustomed to committing evil deeds[46]. He said, “O my people, here are my daughters[47] [for marriage]; they are purer for you. So fear Allah and do not disgrace me concerning my guests. Is there not a right-minded man among you?” ——— [46] i.e., sodomy and homosexual rape of males. [47] Or the women of his community.

They said, “You already know that we have no need for your daughters, and you surely know what we want!”

He said, “Would that I had some strength [to stop you] or could rely on a mighty support!”

[The angels said], “O Lot, we are messengers of your Lord; they can never reach you. So set out with your family in the dark part of the night, and none of you should look back, except your wife; she will suffer the same fate as the others. Their appointed time is the morning; is not the morning near?”

When Our command came, We turned their cities upside down and rained down upon them clustered stones of baked clay,

marked by your Lord; this is not far from the evildoers[48]. ——— [48] This is a direct warning, especially for the Quraysh who tormented the believers.

And to the people of Midian We sent their brother Shu‘ayb. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god besides Him. Do not give short measure or weight[49]. I see that you are in prosperity, but I fear for you the punishment of an encompassing Day. ——— [49] The cardinal sin of Lot’s people was lust, whereas the people of Shu‘ayb’s major sin was greed, for not being fair in trade.

O my people, give full measure and weight with justice and do not defraud people of their dues, nor go about spreading corruption on earth.

What remains from the provision of Allah is far better[50], if you are [true] believers; I am not a keeper over you.” ——— [50] Whatever is left after giving full measure is better and purer than what is fraudulently gained.

They said, “O Shu‘ayb, does your prayer command you that we should forsake what our forefathers worshiped, or that we should give up dealing with our wealth as we please? Indeed, you are such a forbearing and right-minded man![51]” ——— [51] A sarcastic description implying the opposite (antiphrasis).

He said, “O my people, what do you think, if I should have a clear proof from my Lord, and He has given me good provision from Himself. I do not want to go against what I am forbidding you. I only want to put things right to the best of my ability. My success only comes through Allah; in Him I put my trust and to Him I turn.

O my people, do not let your opposition to me cause you to suffer a punishment similar to that of the people of Noah, the people of Hūd or the people of Sālih. And the people of Lot are not far away from you.

Seek forgiveness of your Lord and turn to Him in repentance. Indeed, My Lord is Most Merciful, Most Affectionate.”

They said, “O Shu‘ayb, we do not understand much of what you say, and we surely see you weak among us. Were it not for your clan, we would have surely stoned you, for you have no standing among us.”

He said, “O my people, does my clan have a higher status to you than Allah? And you have abandoned Him behind your backs. Indeed, my Lord encompasses all what you do.

O my people, do whatever you can; I will do mine. You will come to know who will receive a disgracing punishment, and who is a liar. Wait; I too am waiting with you.”

When Our command came, We saved Shu‘ayb and those who believed with him by Our mercy. But the huge blast seized the wrongdoers, so they fell dead in their homes,

as if they had never dwelt there. Behold, away with Midian just as it was with Thamūd!

And We sent Moses with Our signs[52] and compelling proof ——— [52] The nine signs that Moses came with. (cf. 17:101, 27:12).

to Pharaoh and his courtiers, but they followed the command of Pharaoh, even though the command of Pharaoh was misguided.

He will be at the forefront of his people on the Day of Resurrection, leading them into the Fire. What a terrible place to be led to!

They were pursued by a curse[53] in this world as well as on the Day of Resurrection. What a terrible gift to receive! ——— [53] After their drowning.

These are some of the stories of the towns that We relate to you; some are still standing, while others have been mowed down[54]. ——— [54] i.e., the remains of some towns are still standing while others are completely destroyed.

We did not wrong them, rather they wronged themselves. Their gods whom they invoked besides Allah were of no avail to them in the least when the command of your Lord came, and they only added to their destruction.

Such is the seizing of your Lord when He seizes the towns that are given to wrongdoing; His seizing is surely painful and severe.

Indeed, there is a sign in this for those who fear the punishment of the Hereafter. That is a Day for which people will be gathered and a Day that will be witnessed.

We only delay it until a fixed term.

When that Day comes, no one will speak except by His permission. Some among them will be wretched and others blissful.

As for those who are wretched, they will be in the Fire, wherein they will be moaning and gasping,

they will abide therein for as long as the heavens and earth exist, except what your Lord wills; your Lord does what He wills.

As for those who are destined for bliss, they will be in Paradise abiding therein as long as the heavens and earth exist, except what your Lord wills[55] – an unceasing gift. ——— [55] i.e., except those sinners among the believers who will enter Hellfire before admitting to Paradise.

Have no doubt about what they worship; they only worship what their forefathers worshiped. We will surely give them their full share undiminished.

We gave Moses the Scripture, but a dispute arose about it. If it had not been for a prior decree from your Lord, the matter would have been decided between them[56]. They are indeed in a disquieting doubt about it. ——— [56] Not to hasten the punishment for them.

Your Lord will surely pay everyone in full for their deeds, for He is All-Aware of what they do.

So stay on a straight path as you have been commanded, along with those who repented with you, and do not cross the limits[57]. Indeed, He is All-Seeing of what you do. ——— [57] By committing sins.

Do not incline to the wrongdoers, or else the Fire will seize you. Then you will have no protectors besides Allah, nor will you be helped.

Establish prayer at the two ends of the day and at some hours of the night. Indeed, good deeds wipe out evil deeds[58]. This is a reminder for those who are mindful. ——— [58] the Prophet (ﷺ) used to say: “The five Prayers, the Jumu‘ah prayer to the Jumu‘ah prayer and the fasting of a Ramadan to the next Ramadan are an atonement for [the sins committed] between them; given that the major sins are avoided.” [Muslim: 233]

And be patient, for indeed Allah does not let the reward of those who do good to go to waste.

If only there had been among the generations before you righteous people who would forbid others from spreading corruption in the land, except a few of them whom We saved. But the wrongdoers pursued their luxury[59] which they were given therein, and they were wicked. ——— [59] They preferred life’s luxuriant findings over the Hereafter.

Your Lord would never destroy the towns unjustly while their people were acting righteously.

If your Lord had willed, He could have made mankind a single community, but they will not cease to differ[60], ——— [60] They will ever be followers of different religions, ways of life and opinions.

except those whom Allah has given mercy[61], and for this He created them[62], and the word of your Lord will be fulfilled: “I will certainly fill Hell with jinn and humans all together.” ——— [61] By guiding them to Islam. [62] To test people as to who purses the way of guidance and who purses the way of misguidance.

We relate to you [O Prophet] the stories of the messengers to strengthen your heart. And there has come to you in this the truth, an admonition and a reminder to the believers.

Say to those who do not believe, “Carry on in your ways; so will we do.

And wait; we too are waiting.”

To Allah belongs the unseen of the heavens and earth, and to Him will return all matters. So worship Him and put your trust in Him, for your Lord is not unaware of what you do.

Alif Lām Ra[1]. These are the verses of the clear Book. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur’an so that you may understand.

We relate to you [O Prophet] the best of stories through Our revelation of this Qur’an, although before this you were unaware of them.

[Remember] when Joseph said to his father[2], “O my father, I saw [in a dream] eleven stars, the sun and the moon – I saw them prostrating to me.” ——— [2] Prophet Jacob (عليه السلام).

He said, “O my son, do not relate your vision to your brothers, lest they devise a plot against you, for Satan is a sworn enemy to mankind.

Thus your Lord will choose you and teach you the interpretation of dreams, and He will complete His favor upon you and upon the house of Jacob, just as He completed it upon your forefathers Abraham and Isaac before. Indeed, your Lord is All-Knowing, All-Wise.”

In the story of Joseph and his brothers there are lessons for those who seek [them].

When they said, “Joseph and his brother[3] are dearer to our father than we are, although we are a group of so many. Indeed, our father is clearly mistaken. ——— [3] His sibling brother Benjamin, while others were his half-brothers from another mother.

Kill Joseph or cast him out to another land, so that your father’s attention will only be to you; then you will become righteous people[4].” ——— [4] By repenting thereafter.

One of them said, “Do not kill Joseph; but if you must do something, then throw him into the bottom of the well, so that some travelers may pick him up.”

They said, “O our father, why do you not trust us with Joseph[5], although we truly care for him? ——— [5] They formulated their challenging scheme carefully, in order to throw their father off guard.

Send him with us tomorrow so that he may enjoy himself and play; we will surely keep him safe.”

He said, “It truly saddens me that you should take him away, and I fear that a wolf may eat him when you are negligent of him.”

They said, “If a wolf were to eat him, despite our strong group, then we would surely be losers!”

Then when they took him away and they agreed to cast him into the bottom of the well, We inspired him: “You will surely inform them of this affair of theirs when they will not realize [who you are].”

At night they came to their father, crying.

They said, “O our father, we went off racing one another and left Joseph with our belongings, and a wolf ate him. But you will never believe us, no matter how truthful we may be.”

They brought his shirt, stained with false blood[6]. He said, “Nay; rather your souls have enticed you to commit something. But I will bear it with beautiful patience. It is Allah’s help that I seek against what you claim.” ——— [6] They had stained Joseph's shirt with the blood of a lamb but had forgotten to tear it; a sure sign of their lying.

Some travelers came and sent their water fetcher, who lowered his bucket into the well. He cried out, “Oh, what good news; here is a boy!” They kept him hidden as merchandise[7], but Allah is All-Knowing of what they did. ——— [7] To be sold as a slave.

They sold him for a meager price, a few silver coins; they were quite indifferent about him[8]. ——— [8] i.e., his brothers sold him to the caravan for a pittance, or the wayfarers sold him in Egypt and were unaware of his true worth.

The man[9] in Egypt who bought him said to his wife, “Make his stay comfortable; perhaps he will benefit us or we may adopt him as a son.” This is how We established Joseph in the land, so that We may teach him the interpretation of dreams. Allah’s decree always prevails, but most people do not know. ——— [9] The minister whose title was al-‘Azīz.

When he reached his prime, We gave him wisdom[10] and knowledge. This is how We reward those who do good. ——— [10] i.e., sound judgment or prophethood.

But the woman[11] in whose house he was living tried to seduce him. She bolted the doors and said, “Come here to me!” He said, “I seek refuge with Allah! My master has made my stay good. Indeed, the wrongdoers will never succeed.” ——— [11] i.e., the wife of the minister.

She advanced towards him, and he would have advanced towards her, had he not seen a sign from his Lord. This is how We kept evil and shameful acts away from him. Indeed, he was one of Our chosen slaves.

They both rushed to the door and she tore his shirt from behind, and they found her husband at the door. She said, “What is the punishment for someone who tried to dishonor your wife, except to be imprisoned or a painful punishment?”

Joseph said, “It was she who tried to seduce me.” A witness from her own household suggested: “If his shirt is torn from the front, then she is telling the truth and he is a liar.

But if his shirt is torn from the back, then she is lying and he is truthful.”

When he saw that his shirt was torn from the back, he said, “This is your guile [O women]; your guile is great indeed!

O Joseph, forget about this; but you [O wife], seek forgiveness for your sin, for it was you who have done wrong.”

Some women in the city said, “The chief minister’s wife is trying to seduce her slave-boy; his love has overwhelmed her heart. We see that she is clearly mistaken.”

When she heard of their gossip, she invited them and arranged for them a banquet, gave each one of them a knife, and said [to Joseph], “Come out before them.” When they saw him, they were so stunned[12] that they cut their hands, and said, “Great God! This cannot be human; this must be a noble angel.” ——— [12] In the long Hadith of the Nocturnal Journey and Ascension (al-isrā’ wa al-mi‘rāj), Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) described Prophet Joseph (عليه السلام) when he met him as a man who is “Endowed with half of all human handsomeness.” [cf. Muslim: 162]

She said, “This is the one for whose love you reproached me. I did try to seduce him but he abstained. If he does not follow my order, he will surely be imprisoned and will be fully humiliated.”

Joseph said, “My Lord, I would rather be in prison than that to which they are calling me. Unless you protect me from their guile, I may succumb to them and fall into ignorance.”

So his Lord answered his prayer and protected him from their guile. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

Then it occurred to them after they saw the signs [of his innocence] that they should imprison him for some time[13]. ——— [13] so that the scandal be forgotten.

Two young men went to prison with him. One of them said, “I dreamt that I was pressing wine.” The other said, “I dreamt that I was carrying bread on my head of which birds were eating. Tell us their interpretation[14], for we see you as one of those who do good.” ——— [14] Interpretation of the dreams of his jail mates was the reason behind his victorious release and appointment as Chief Minister.

Joseph said, “Before there comes to you the meal which you will be given, I will inform you of their interpretation. This is part of what my Lord has taught me. I have renounced the faith of people who do not believe in Allah and who deny the Hereafter.

I follow the faith of my fathers – Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; it is not right for us to associate any partner with Allah. This is from Allah’s favor upon us and upon people, but most people are ungrateful.

O my two fellow prisoners, which is better: many different lords or Allah, the One, the Subjugator?

You worship none besides Him except names that you and your forefathers have made up, for which Allah has not sent down any authority. All power belongs to Allah alone; He has commanded that you should worship none except Him[15]. This is the right religion, but most people do not know.” ——— [15] Peoples’ sheer ignorance leads to associating partners with Allah.

“O my two fellow prisoners, as for one of you, he will serve wine to his master[16]; as for the other, he will be crucified and the birds will eat from his head. The matter you are asking about has been decreed.” ——— [16] i.e., the king.

Then he said to the one he knew would be saved, “Mention me to your master.” But Satan made him forget to mention this to his master, so he remained in prison for several years.

The King said, “I dreamt of seven fat cows eaten up by seven lean ones, and seven green ears of grain and [seven] others withered. O chiefs, explain my dream to me if you can interpret dreams.”

They said, “These are jumbled dreams, and we do not know the interpretation of such dreams.”

The freed prisoner remembered after a long time had passed, and said, “I will inform you of its interpretation, so send me forth.”

[He said], “Joseph, O man of truth, tell us about seven fat cows eaten up by seven lean ones, and seven green ears of grain and [seven] others withered, so that I may return to the people and that they may know.”

Joseph said, “You will grow crops for seven consecutive years. But whatever you harvest, leave it in its ear, except for a little that you may eat.

Then after that will come seven years of hardship which will devour all what you had stored, except for a little that you may set aside[17]. ——— [17] In their granaries.

Then after that will come a year in which people will have abundant rain, and in which they will press [grapes and olives].”

The King said, “Bring him to me[18].” But when the messenger came to him, he said, “Go back to your master and ask him, ‘What was the case of the women who cut their hands?’ Indeed, my Lord is All-Knowing of their guile.” ——— [18] To underline Joseph’s fortitude, Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: “Had I stayed in jail as long as Yūsuf did, I would have answered the caller!” [Al-Bukhārī:3372, Muslim:151]. Understandably, any person in Yūsuf’s most desperate position would have rushed out at the first opportunity. Yet he wanted the end of his imprisonment on favorable grounds and to prove his innocence.

The king said, “What happened when you [O women] tried to seduce Joseph?” They said, “Allah forbid; we know nothing bad about him.” The chief minister’s wife said, “Now the truth has come to light. It was I who tried to seduce him, and he is surely the truthful.

That is because he [i.e., the chief] should know that I did not betray him in his absence, for Allah does not lead the guile of the betrayers to succeed.”

I[19] do not absolve myself of blame, for Indeed the soul prompts one to evil, except those to whom my Lord may show mercy. Indeed, my Lord is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” ——— [19] i.e., the wife of al-‘Azeez.

The King said, “Bring him to me; I will appoint him [as an adviser] exclusively to myself.” Then when he spoke to him, he said, “You are today in a highly-esteemed position and fully trusted by us.”

Joseph said, “Put me in charge of the storehouses of the land[20]; I am indeed a good keeper and knowledgeable[21].” ——— [20] He found himself in a better position than anyone else for those difficult days ahead, so he offered his services. [21] The two most needed traits in a treasurer.

This is how We established Joseph in the land[22] so that he may settle wherever he wished. We extend Our mercy to whom We will, and We do not let the reward of those who do good to go to waste. ——— [22] This is the final episode in Joseph’s journey to greatness. The first was becoming a member of the Chief Minister’s household in his tender years (verse 21 above).

But the reward of the Hereafter is better for those who believe and fear Allah.

The brothers of Joseph came and presented themselves before him; he recognized them but they did not know him.

When he prepared for them their rations, he said, “Bring me your step-brother[23]; do you not see that I give full measure and I am the best host? ——— [23] i.e., Benjamin.

If you do not bring him to me, you will never receive any measure [of grain] from me, nor will you even come close to me.”

They said, “We will persuade his father to send him[24], and we will surely do our best.” ——— [24] They knew its difficulty, but they still made a promise.

Joseph said to his servants, “Put their trading goods back in their saddlebags so that they may find them when they go back to their family; perhaps they will return.”

When they returned to their father, they said, “O our father, we have been denied any further measure [of grain]; send our brother with us so that we may receive our measure, and we will surely protect him.”

He said, “Should I trust you with him as I trusted you earlier with his brother[25]? But Allah is the best Protector, and He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.” ——— [25] Saying this is an indication of a softer position taken by Jacob on the issue.

When they opened their baggage, they found that their merchandise had been returned to them. They said, “O our father, what more could we ask for? Here are our trading goods returned to us. We can bring more food to our family, protect our brother, and obtain an extra camel-load of grain[26]. That measure is easily secured.” ——— [26] They mentioned this to cajole their father of their good intentions.

He said, “I will never send him with you unless you give me a pledge by Allah that you will surely bring him back to me, unless you are completely overpowered.” Then when they gave him their pledge, he said, “Allah is Witness to what we say.”

And he said, “O my sons, do not enter all from one gate, but enter from different gates[27]. I cannot avail you anything against [the decree of] Allah; the decision belongs to Allah alone. In Him I put my trust, and in Him let the faithful put their trust.” ——— [27] There is an edifying note here. Besides putting trust in Allah, one needs to take precautions.

When they entered as their father had instructed them, it could not avail them against [the decree of] Allah whatsoever, yet a need in Jacob’s heart was satisfied. He was indeed a man of knowledge because of what We had taught him, but most people do not know.

When they came into Joseph’s presence, he called his brother [Benjamin] aside, and said, “I am indeed your brother, so do not be saddened by their past actions.”

When he prepared for them their rations, he placed the [royal] drinking vessel in his brother’s saddlebag. Then an announcer called out, “O people of the caravan, you must be thieves!”

They said as they turned back, “What are you missing?”

They said, “We are missing the king’s measuring cup. Whoever brings it will have a camel-load [of grain]; and I guarantee it.”

They said, “By Allah, you know well that we did not come to spread corruption in the land, nor are we thieves.”

They said, “What should the punishment be[28], if you are liars?” ——— [28] The punishment for theft.

They said, “The punishment is that the one in whose saddlebag it is found should be enslaved in recompense. This is how we punish the wrongdoers.”

So he began searching their bags before his brother’s bag[29], then he brought it out of his brother’s bag. This is how We planned for Joseph; he could not have detained his brother under the King’s law, unless Allah so willed. We raise in ranks whom We will, but above each one who possesses knowledge is the All-Knowing One. ——— [29] To avert suspicion.

They said, “If he steals, then it was his brother [Joseph] who stole before.” Joseph kept it to himself and did not reveal it to them, and said [in his heart], “You are in a far worse position; and Allah knows best the truth of what you say.”

They said, “O chief minister, he has an elderly and vulnerable father, so take one of us instead of him, for we see that you are a kind man.”

Joseph said, “Allah forbid that we should take except the one with whom we found our property, for we would then be unjust.”

When they lost hope in him, they conferred privately. The eldest of them said, “Do you not know that your father has taken from you a solemn pledge by Allah, and before this you failed with regard to Joseph? Therefore, I will never leave this land until my father gives me permission[30] or Allah decides for me, for He is the Best of Judges. ——— [30] Alluding to their father that this situation was different from Joseph’s.

Go back to your father and say, ‘O our father, your son has committed theft, and we did not tell you except what we saw, and we had no knowledge of the unseen[31]. ——— [31] i.e., we had not known that he would steal when we gave you the oath.

Ask [the people of] the town where we were and the caravan we came with, and we are surely telling the truth.”

He said, “No, but your souls have enticed you to commit something. But I will bear this with beautiful patience; perhaps Allah will bring them all[32] back to me, for He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.” ——— [32] i.e., his three missing sons.

He turned away from them and said, “O my sorrow for Joseph!” And his eyes turned white[33] because of suppressing his grief. ——— [33] i.e., he lost his sight.

They said, “By Allah, you will not cease to remember Joseph until your health is ruined or you die.”

He said, “I only complain of my anguish and sorrow to Allah, and I know from Allah what you do not know.

O my sons, go and find out[34] about Joseph and his brother, and do not despair of Allah’s mercy. Indeed, no one despairs of Allah’s mercy except the disbelieving people.” ——— [34] Tahassasū (lit. grope): to be extra vigilant in the search for them.

When they came into Joseph’s presence, they said, “O chief minister, we and our family have been struck with adversity, and we have brought some goods of scanty worth. So give us full measure [of grain] and be charitable to us, for Allah rewards those who are charitable.”

He said, “Do you know what you did to Joseph and his brother when you were ignorant[35]?” ——— [35] He provided them with a face-saving excuse by saying that they were ignorant for what they did.

They said, “Are you really Joseph?” He said, “I am Joseph, and this is my brother. Allah has surely been gracious to us[36]. Whoever fears Allah and remains patient, Allah will not let the reward of those who do good to go to waste.” ——— [36] Joseph made the point that he and also his brother underwent a good turn of fortune after oppression.

They said, “By Allah, Allah has favored you[37] over us, and we have surely been sinful.” ——— [37] Finally, they admitted that he was the ‘favored one’.

He said, “There is no blame on you today. May Allah forgive you, for He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.

Take this shirt of mine and throw it over my father’s face; he will recover his sight. Then come back to me with all of your family.”

When the caravan set out [from Egypt], their father said, “I certainly sense the fragrance of Joseph, even though you might think that I am senile.”

They said, “By Allah, you are still lost in your old delusion.”

Then when the bearer of the glad tidings came, he threw it[38] over his face, and he immediately recovered his sight. He said, “Did I not tell you that I know from Allah what you do not know?” ——— [38] i.e., Joseph's shirt.

They said, “O our father, pray to Allah to forgive us our sins; we were certainly mistaken.”

He said, “I will ask my Lord to forgive you, for He is the All-Forgiving, the Most Merciful.”

When they came into Joseph’s presence, he embraced his parents and said, “Enter Egypt, if Allah wills, safe and secure.

He took his parents to the throne, and they all fell down in prostration[39] before him. He said, “O my father, this is the interpretation of my old dream. My Lord has made it come true. He was kind to me when He freed me from prison and brought you all here from the wilderness after Satan caused a rift between me and my brothers. My Lord is gracious to whom He wills. Indeed, He is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.” ——— [39] That of greeting and respect, not of worship, which was permissible before the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

“My Lord, You have given me authority and taught me something of the interpretation of dreams. O Originator of the heavens and earth, You are my Protector in this world and in the Hereafter. Cause me to die as a Muslim [submitting to You], and join me with the righteous[40].” ——— [40] By the ‘righteous’ ones Joseph meant his forefathers Isaac and Abraham and all other prophets and messengers.

That is from the stories of the unseen which We reveal to you [O Prophet]; you were not with them when they agreed upon their plan as they were plotting.

But most people will not believe, no matter how eager you may be.

You are not asking them for any reward. It is only a reminder to the worlds.

How many signs there are in the heavens and earth which they pass by without paying them any heed!

And most of them do not believe in Allah except that they associate partners with Him.

Do they feel secure that an overwhelming punishment from Allah will not overtake them, or that the Hour will not come upon them by surprise when they least expect it?

Say [O Prophet], “This is my way. I call to Allah with clear evidence – I and those who follow me. Glory be to Allah, and I am not one of those who associate partners with Him.”

We did not send before you[41] except men whom We gave a revelation, from the people of each society. Have they not traveled through the land to see how was the end of those who came before them? But the home of the Hereafter is far better for those who fear Allah. Do you not then understand? ——— [41] i.e., Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

Until when the messengers lost all hope and realized that they were dismissed as liars, Our help came to them, so We saved whom We willed, and Our punishment cannot be averted from the wicked people.

In their stories there is truly a lesson for people of understanding. This [Qur’an] is not a fabricated tale, rather a confirmation of what came before it, a detailed explanation of everything, a guidance and mercy for people who believe.

Alif Lām Mīm Ra[1]. These are the verses of the Book. That which has been sent down to you [O Prophet] from your Lord is the truth, but most people do not believe. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

It is Allah Who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and then He rose over the Throne[2]. He subjected the sun and the moon, each running its course for an appointed term. He governs all affairs, and explains the signs in detail, so that you may be certain of the meeting with your Lord. ——— [2] See footnote 7:54.

It is He Who spread out the earth and placed therein firm mountains and rivers, and created therein fruits of every kind in pairs. He causes the night to cover the day. Indeed, there are signs in this for people who reflect.

And on the earth there are neighboring [yet different] tracts of land, and gardens of grapevines, grains and palm trees – some growing in clusters from one root or standing alone. They are all irrigated with the same water, yet We cause some of them to excel others in taste. Indeed, there are signs in this for people of understanding.

If you wonder, then wondrous is their saying, “What! When we become dust, will we be created anew?” They are the ones who disbelieve in their Lord, and they are the ones who will have shackles around their necks. Such are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.

They ask you [O Prophet] to hasten the punishment before the good[3], even though there have already been similar punishments before them. But your Lord is indeed forgiving to people despite their wrongdoing, and your Lord is indeed severe in punishment. ——— [3] This shows the utter disregard towards the Message.

The disbelievers say, “Why has no sign[4] been sent down to him from his Lord?” You are only a warner, and for every people there is a guide. ——— [4] i.e., a miracle.

Allah knows what every female bears[5], and what the wombs may fall short or increase[6]. With Him everything is precisely measured. ——— [5] Human and otherwise, during pregnancy. [6] Decrease and increase in the duration of pregnancy and/or the number of fetuses therein.

He is the Knower of the unseen and the seen, the All-Great, the Most Exalted.

It is the same [to Him] whether one of you speaks secretly or in public, and whether one is hidden in the darkness of the night or walks about openly in the daylight.

For each person there are successive angels[7] in front of him and behind him, guarding him by the command of Allah. Allah does not change the condition of a people until they change their own attitude and conduct[8]. But if Allah intends punishment for a people[9], then it cannot be averted, nor will there be any protector for them besides Him. ——— [7] Angels tasked with each human; they alternate and take day and night shifts. [8] As long as people acknowledge Allah’s grace on them and are grateful to Him, He will not show them other than mercy, and vice versa. If they persist in disobedience, then let them not be fooled by the respite they are given, for Allah’s command can come at any moment. [9] Because of their sins.

It is He Who shows you lightening [causing] fear and hope[10] and forms heavy clouds[11]. ——— [10] “Fear” of being hit by thunderbolt and “hope” for getting rain. [11] The fluffy clouds floating above our heads like balloons are in fact extremely heavy.

The thunder glorifies His praise, and so do the angels in awe of Him. He sends thunderbolts, striking therewith whom He wills, yet they dispute about Allah, Who is severe in might.

To Him alone should all supplication be addressed[12]. But those whom they supplicate besides Him do not respond to them in any way, except like one who stretches out his hands for water to reach his mouth, but it will never reach it[13]. The supplication of the disbelievers is all in vain. ——— [12] i.e., the testimony of faith (There is no true god but Allah). [13] The analogy indicates that false deities will never respond to them.

To Allah prostrates[14] whoever is in the heavens and on earth, willingly or unwillingly, and so do their shadows in the morning and evening. ——— [14] There are two types of prostrations: sujūd shar‘i (Intentional prostration) and sujūd qadari (Unintentional prostration). See also 3:83.

Say, “Who is the Lord of the heavens and earth?” Say, “Allah.” Say, “Have you taken besides Him protectors, those who have no power to benefit or harm themselves[15]?” Say, “Can the blind person be equal to the seeing[16], or can the darkness be equal to the light?” Or do they ascribe to Allah partners who created the like of His creation[17], so they are confused between two creations? Say, “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is the One, the Subjugator.” ——— [15] The claimed partners cannot be compared to Allah in any way. [16] Disbelievers are ‘blind’ to the Truth and the believers can see the Truth plainly as it is. [17] Their so-called ‘gods’ could not answer their prayers or do them good or harm, let alone perform such a great act as that of creation.

He sends down rain from the sky, causing the valleys to flow, each according to its capacity, and the torrent carries along rising foam, similar to the slag produced from metal that people melt in the fire to make ornaments or tools. This is how Allah compares truth to falsehood: as for the residue, it is then cast away, but that which benefits people remains on the earth[18]. This is how Allah sets forth comparisons. ——— [18] Truth is the water that stays and people benefit from it, whereas falsehood is the scum that soon dissolves and disappears; likewise is the slag of minerals.

Those who respond to their Lord will have the best reward[19]. As for those who do not respond to Him, even if they were to possess all that is on earth and the likes thereof, they would surely offer it to ransom themselves; they will have the worst reckoning[20], and their abode will be Hell. What a terrible resting place! ——— [19] al-Husnā (lit. the best reward) is a good reward in this life and Paradise in the Hereafter. [20] Their good deeds will not be accepted from them and they will be asked about their minute misdeeds.

Is the one who knows that what has been sent down from your Lord is the truth like the one who is blind[21]? None will take heed except the people of understanding, ——— [21] i.e., a believer and a disbeliever.

those who fulfill the covenant of Allah and do not break the pledge,

and those who maintain [the ties] which Allah has ordered to be maintained[22], and fear their Lord, and are afraid of a terrible reckoning, ——— [22] i.e., the ties of kinship.

and those who observe patience, seeking the pleasure of their Lord, and establish prayer, and spend from what We have provided for them, secretly and in public, and repel evil with good – it is they who will have the final abode[23], ——— [23] i.e., Paradise.

Gardens of Eternity, which they will enter together with their righteous parents, their spouses and their offspring. Angels will enter upon them from every gate,

“Peace be on you, for what you have patiently endured. How excellent is the final abode!”

As for those who break the covenant of Allah after it has been ratified, and sever the ties that Allah has commanded to be maintained, and spread corruption in the land – it is they who are cursed, and for them there will be the worst abode[24]. ——— [24] i.e., Hell.

Allah extends provision to whom He wills or restricts it. They rejoice in the life of this world, although the life of this world, compared to the Hereafter, is nothing but a fleeting pleasure.

Those who disbelieve say, “Why has no sign been sent down to him from his Lord?” Say, “Allah causes to stray whom He wills and guides to Himself who turns to Him,

those who believe and whose hearts find tranquility in the remembrance of Allah, for indeed in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find tranquility.

Those who believe and do righteous deeds, for them there will be bliss[25] and a good return.” ——— [25] Tūbā: all that is good and comely in Paradise.

Thus did We send you to a community before which other communities had passed away, so that you may recite to them what We have revealed to you, yet they disbelieve in the Most Compassionate. Say, “He is my Lord; none has the right to be worshiped except Him. In Him I put my trust, and to Him is my return.”

Even if there were a Qur’an that could cause mountains to move[26], or split the earth, or cause the dead to speak, [they would still not believe]. To Allah belongs all matters. Do the believers not know that if Allah had willed, He could have guided all humans? Calamities will continue to befall the disbelievers or strike close to their homes because of their deeds, until the promise of Allah comes to pass, for Allah does not fail in His promise. ——— [26] “Had We sent down this Qur’an upon a mountain, you would have seen it humbled and break asunder out of awe of Allah!” See 59:21.

There were messengers before you who were ridiculed, but I gave respite to those who disbelieved, then I seized them[27]. How [terrible] was My chastisement! ——— [27] This is a comforting note to the Prophet (ﷺ).

Is He Who watches every soul in whatever it does [like others]? Yet they ascribe partners to Allah. Say, “Name them! Or do you presume to inform Him of something that He does not know on earth, or it is just a show of words?” No, but the falsehood of the disbelievers is made appealing to them, and they are hindered from the [straight] path. Whoever Allah causes to stray, he will have none to guide.

They will be punished in this life, but the punishment of the Hereafter is more severe, and they will have no protector against Allah.

The likeness of Paradise, which is promised to the righteous is that under it rivers flow; its fruit is eternal, so is its shade. Such is the end of those who fear Allah, but the end of the disbelievers is Fire!

Those whom We gave the Scripture[28] rejoice at that which is sent down to you [O Prophet], but there are some factions who deny part of it. Say, “I have only been commanded to worship Allah, and associate none with Him. To Him I call and to Him is my return.” ——— [28] From the Jews and the Christians.

Thus We have sent it down as a commandment in Arabic. If you were to follow their[29] desires after the knowledge that has come to you, you would have no supporter or protector against Allah. ——— [29] i.e., the People of the Book.

We have sent messengers before you and gave them wives and offspring[30]. It was not for any messenger to bring a sign except with Allah’s permission. Every matter has a destined time. ——— [30] These are the basic human needs, for Messengers are human beings, not angelic beings.

Allah eliminates what He wills or affirms it[31], and with Him is the Master Book[32]. ——— [31] Although everything is set in the Record, He decrees whatever He wishes and the angels erase or affirm in the scrolls whatever He dictates. [32] The Preserved Tablet.

Whether We show you [O Prophet] part of what We warn them or cause you to die [before that], your duty is only to convey the message, and the reckoning is for Us.

Do they not see that We advance to the land, diminishing it from its sides[33]? It is Allah Who decrees; there is none to reverse His decree, and He is swift in reckoning. ——— [33] Referring to the spread of Islam by diminishing the lands controlled by the disbelievers.

Those who came before them did devise plans, but Allah has the ultimate plan. He knows what every soul does, and the disbelievers will come to know who will have the final abode.

Those who disbelieve say, “You are not a messenger.” Say, “Allah is sufficient as a Witness between me and you, as well as those who have knowledge of the Scripture[34].” ——— [34] As he is clearly mentioned in their Scripture.

Alif Lām Ra[1]. This is a book that We have sent down to you, so that you may bring people out of the depths of darkness into the light, by their Lord’s permission, to the path of the All-Mighty, the Praiseworthy. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

Allah, to Whom belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. And woe to the disbelievers from a severe punishment!

Those who prefer the life of this world to the Hereafter and prevent [people] from Allah’s way, seeking to make it crooked[2]; it is they who have gone far astray. ——— [2] i.e., showing it as defective and imperfect.

We did not send any messenger but in the language of his people to make things clear for them. Allah causes to stray whom He wills[3] and guides whom He wills, and He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. ——— [3] i.e., those who refuse His guidance.

We sent Moses with Our signs [saying], “Bring your people out of the depths of darkness into the light, and remind them of Allah’s days[4]. Indeed, there are signs in this for every patient and grateful person. ——— [4] i.e., days of favors upon the Children of Israel, or days of destruction of the former nations.

And [remember] when Moses said to his people, “Remember Allah’s favor upon you when He saved you from Pharaoh’s people who were inflicting upon you the worst torment, slaughtering your sons and keeping your women alive; that was a great trial from your Lord.

And [remember] when your Lord declared, ‘If you are grateful, I will surely give you more; but if you are ungrateful, My punishment is severe indeed.’”

And Moses said, “If you and all those who are on earth were to disbelieve, indeed Allah is Self-Sufficient, Praiseworthy.”

Have there not come to you the stories of those who came before you – the people of Noah, ‘Ād and Thamūd, and those who came after them? No one knows them except Allah. Their messengers came to them with clear proofs, but they shoved their hands into their mouths[5] and said, “We disbelieve in what you are sent with, and we surely doubt what you are calling us to.” ——— [5] as a gesture of denial and rejection.

Their messengers said, “Can there be any doubt about Allah, the Creator of the heavens and earth? He calls you so that He may forgive some of your sins, and give you respite for an appointed term.” They said, “You are but humans like us! You want to turn us away from what our forefathers used to worship; then bring us a clear proof.”

Their messengers said to them, “We are no more than human beings like you, but it is Allah Who bestows His favor upon whom He wills of His slaves. It is not for us to bring you proof except with Allah’s permission, and in Allah let the believers put their trust.

Why should we not put our trust in Allah, and it is He Who has guided us to our ways? We will surely be patient against whatever harm you cause us. And in Allah let the faithful put their trust.”

The disbelievers said to their messengers, “We will surely drive you out of our land unless you return to our religion.” Their Lord then inspired them, “We will certainly destroy the wrongdoers,

and We will make you dwell in the land after them. This is for those who fear standing before Me[6], and who fear My warning.” ——— [6] i.e., for account.

[The messengers] sought victory, and every obstinate tyrant was doomed.

Hell awaits him, and he will be made to drink of oozing pus,

which he will arduously sip but can hardly swallow it, and death will come to him from every direction, yet he will not die. And ahead of him will be a harsh punishment.

The deeds of those who disbelieve[7] in their Lord are like ashes that are blown away by the wind on a stormy day. They will gain nothing from what they did; that is the farthest misguidance. ——— [7] i.e., their good deeds, as they were not based on solid ground of faith.

Do you not see that Allah has created the heavens and earth for a true purpose? If He wills, He can take you away and replace you with a new creation[8]. ——— [8] “If you turn away, He will replace you with other people, then they will not be like you.” See 47:38.

That is not difficult for Allah.

All will appear before Allah, then those who were weak will say to those who were arrogant, “We were your followers; can you avail us anything against the punishment of Allah?” They will say, “If Allah had guided us, we would have guided you. It is all the same for us whether we cry or suffer patiently, we have no escape[9].” ——— [9] The pain of these disbelievers is not only physical, but also psychological.

Satan will say when the matter is finally decided, “Allah gave you a true promise; I also gave you a promise, but I betrayed you[10]. I had no authority over you, except that I called you and you responded to me[11]. So do not blame me, but blame yourselves. I cannot rescue you, nor can you rescue me. I deny your previous association of me with Allah. Indeed, for the wrongdoers there will be a painful punishment.” ——— [10] “Satan makes no promises to them except delusion!” See 4:120. [11] By obeying me instead of Him during life on earth.

Those who believe and do righteous deeds will be admitted to gardens under which rivers flow, abiding therein forever, by the permission of their Lord. Their greeting therein will be, “Peace!”

Do you not see how Allah compares a good word[12] to a good tree[13]? Its root is firm and its branches reach the sky[14], ——— [12] i.e., the testimony of faith. [13] i.e., the palm tree. [14] i.e., Its foundation is firm in the heart and its branches, the good deeds, are high up in the sky, being constantly raised to Allah.

yielding its fruit all the times[15], by the permission of its Lord. Allah makes such comparisons for people, so that they may take heed. ——— [15] i.e., day and night, summer and winter; likewise is the testimony of faith, it never ceases to yield good deeds all the time.

But an evil word[16] is like an evil tree[17], uprooted from the surface of the earth, having no stability. ——— [16] i.e., the word of disbelief and polytheism. [17] i.e., the tree of colocynth; it has no stable root and its stalks are so feeble; such is disbelief which is shaky in the heart, and their deeds are not raised to benefit them in the Hereafter.

Allah keeps those who believe steadfast with the firm Word [of faith] in the life of this world[18] and in the Hereafter. But Allah causes to stray the wrongdoers[19]; Allah does whatever He wills. ——— [18] When questioned in their graves by the angels. [19] For doing wrong to themselves and others, Allah casts doubts and blindness in their hearts and does not guide them to say what is truthful in this life or in the grave.

Did you not see those who exchanged Allah’s blessings with disbelief[20], and led their people to the abode of ruin[21]? ——— [20] They met Allah’s blessings with denial instead of gratitude. [21] i.e., the Hellfire.

In Hell they will burn; what an evil place to settle in!

They set up rivals to Allah to mislead people from His way. Say, “Enjoy yourselves for a while! Your destination will be the Fire.”

Tell My slaves who believe to establish prayer and spend from what We have provided for them, secretly and openly, before there comes a Day when there will be no bargaining or friendship[22]. ——— [22] As everyone will have enough affairs and busied away with their own record; nothing will avail a person except his good deeds.

It is Allah Who has created the heavens and earth and sent down rain from the sky, producing therewith fruits as provision for you. He has made the ships for your service to sail through the sea by His command and has made for you the rivers.

He has made the sun and the moon for your service, both constant in their courses, and has made for you the night and the day[23]. ——— [23] i.e., the day in which people go about their living and the night during which they get rest.

And He gave you of all that you have asked for[24]. If you try to count the blessings of Allah, you cannot count them[25]. Indeed, mankind is truly unjust and ungrateful. ——— [24] It is not only these grand favors that Allah grants people, but their prayers are also answered, be they uttered or merely wished for. [25] If a person were to ever try to count Allah’s blessings on him, he would never be able to count them, let alone be duly grateful for them.

And [remember] when Abraham said, “My Lord, make this city [of Makkah] secure and save me and my children from worshiping idols.

My Lord, they[26] have led many people astray. So whoever follows me, he belongs to me; and whoever disobeys me, then You are All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [26] i.e., idols.

Our Lord, I have settled some of my offspring in a barren valley near Your Sacred House, our Lord, so that they may establish prayer[27]. So make the people’s hearts incline towards them, and provide for them fruits, so that they may be grateful. ——— [27] Prayer is specifically mentioned here because it is the best, most comprehensive act of worship and that it is key to all good.

Our Lord, You know what we conceal and what we reveal. Nothing is hidden from Allah on earth or in heaven.

All praise be to Allah Who has granted me in old age Ishmael and Isaac[28]. Indeed, my Lord is the All-Hearing of prayers. ——— [28] This is a practical demonstration of Abraham’s gratitude to Allah for His blessings.

My Lord, make me steadfast in prayer and those of my offspring. Our Lord, accept my supplication.

Our Lord, forgive me, my parents, and the believers on the Day when the reckoning will take place.”

Never think that Allah is unaware of what the wrongdoers do[29]; He only delays them for a Day when eyes will stare [in horror][30] – ——— [29] It serves both as comfort to the oppressed and as a warning to the oppressors. [30] Because of the horrifying sights they see, they will be unblinkingly staring upwards in horror.

rushing forward with their heads raised up, eyes not blinking[31] and hearts void[32]. ——— [31] This is their state at the time of resurrection from the graves. [32] Their terror-struck hearts are empty; perceiving nothing.

Warn people of the Day when the punishment will come upon them, and the wrongdoers will say, “Our Lord, give us a little more time, so that we may respond to Your call and follow the messengers!” [They will be told], “Did you not swear before that you would never cease to exist?”

You lived[33] in the dwellings of those who wronged themselves, and it became clear to you how We dealt with them, and We gave you examples.” ——— [33] As Qurayshites would pass by the ruined dwellings of the destroyed nations; on their way to Yemen, they would pass by the dwellings of the ‘Ād tribe, and on their way to the Levant, they would pass by the dwellings of the Thamūd tribe, using them as resting posts.

They hatched their plot[34], but their plot was known to Allah; even if their plot were such that would move mountains[35]. ——— [34] i.e., to kill the Prophet (ﷺ). [35] But due to its feebleness, their plotting was never to remove mountains.

Never think that Allah will fail in His promise to His messengers[36]. Allah is All-Mighty, Capable of Retribution. ——— [36] i.e., that they would be given victory both in this life and in the Hereafter.

The Day when the earth will be changed to another earth and so will the heavens[37], and all will appear before Allah, the One, the Subjugator[38]. ——— [37] Many exegetes who talk about what befalls the heavens and earth on that Day, opines that the replacement here is of the characteristics (al-sifāt), not of the quintessence (al-dhāt). [38] Allah’s revenge will be on the Day of Judgment.

On that Day you will see the wicked bound together in chains[39], ——— [39] i.e., their hands and feet will be chained to their necks. See 40:70-72.

their garments will be of pitch and their faces covered with Fire.

So that Allah may recompense every soul for what it did. Allah is swift in reckoning.

This [Qur’an] is a message for all mankind, so that they may be warned thereby and know that He is One God, and so that the people of understanding may take heed.

Alif Lām Ra[1]. These are the verses of the Book and a clear Qur’an. ——— [1] See footnote 2:1.

The disbelievers will soon[2] wish that they were Muslims. ——— [2] On the Judgment Day or upon their death.

Let them eat and enjoy themselves and be diverted with false hope; they will come to know.

We never destroyed any town except that it had a destined time.

No nation can advance its appointed time, nor can they delay it.

They say, “O you to whom the Reminder has been sent down, You are surely insane[3]! ——— [3] These deriding remarks were very hard on the Prophet (ﷺ), and Allah consoles him in this surah.

Why do you not bring us the angels, if you are truthful?”

We do not send down the angels except for a just cause, and then [the disbelievers] would be granted no respite[4]. ——— [4] i.e., then they would be destroyed on the spot.

It is We Who have sent down the Reminder[5], and it is We Who will preserve it[6]. ——— [5] As a reminder for people. [6] From distortion, alteration, addition, and omission. More than 1400 years have elapsed and not a single word of this Qur’an has been changed, although enemies have tried their utmost.

We did send messengers before you among the factions of early peoples.

No messenger came to them except that they ridiculed him.

This is how We let this [denial] enter the hearts of the wicked[7]. ——— [7] For they rebelled against the Truth and did not submit to it.

They will not believe in it, although the examples of the earlier people are well established.

Even if We were to open for them a gateway to the heaven, through which they kept ascending,

they would still say, “Our eyes have been dazzled; rather, we have been bewitched.”

We have placed constellations in the heaven and adorned it for the onlookers,

and We have guarded it from every accursed devil,

except the one who manages to eavesdrop, he will then be pursued by a visible burning flame.

As for the earth, We have spread it out and placed therein firm mountains, and caused to grow therein everything in due proportion.

And We have made therein for you means of sustenance and for those[8] whom you do not provide. ——— [8] i.e., the children, servants, and livestock that one is blessed with.

There is nothing except that We have its treasuries, and We do not send it down except in a determined measure.

And We send fertilizing winds[9], and send down rain from the sky for you to drink, and it is not you who could store it. ——— [9] Causing precipitation in rainclouds or carrying pollen.

Indeed, it is We Who give life and cause death, and We are the Inheritors [of all things].

We surely know those of you who have gone before and those who are yet to come.

It is your Lord Who will gather them together. He is All-Wise, All-Knowing.

We have created man from sounding clay, made of aging mud[10]. ——— [10] Salsāl: clay left to ferment and turn hard so that it clinks when tapped on. Hama’: transformed or blackened clay. Masnūn: the smell of which has turned foul or left for some time.

And the jinn[11] We created before that, from smokeless fire. ——— [11] The jinn: They are the creatures of Allah, who are different from humans. There are some among them who are righteous, while others are wicked. They are not humans or a species of humans.

And [remember] when your Lord said to the angels, “I am going to create a human being from sounding clay, made of aging mud.

When I have shaped him and breathed into him of My spirit[12], then fall down before him in prostration.” ——— [12] The spirit which Allah created for that body, not His own Spirit (as some mistakenly believe). Allah attributed it to Himself as a sign of honoring him, as in nāqat Allah (the she-camel of Allah).

Thereupon, all of the angels fell down in prostration,

except for Iblīs, who refused to be with those who prostrated[13]. ——— [13] See 18:50.

Allah said, “O Iblīs, what is the matter with you that you were not with those who prostrated?”

He said, “I am not such to prostrate before a human whom You created from sounding clay, made of aging mud.[14]” ——— [14] He said: “I am better than him; You created me from fire and created him from clay.” See 7:12.

He said, “Then get out of here[15], for you are accursed, ——— [15] i.e., from the heaven.

and the curse will be upon you until the Day of Judgment.”

Iblīs said, “My Lord, then grant me respite until the Day they are resurrected.”

Allah said, “You are of those who are granted respite[16], ——— [16] As a trial; to sift out His obedient servants from those who obey Iblīs.

until the Day of the Appointed Time[17].” ——— [17] i.e., the Day of Judgment.

He said, “My Lord, since You have sent me astray[18], I will surely make [sins] alluring to them on earth and mislead them all, ——— [18] Satan set the record for being the first to use predestination (al-qadar) as a pretext for disobeying Allah’s command (al-’amr).

except for Your chosen slaves among them.”

Allah said, “This is a straight path leading to Me.

You will have no authority over My slaves, except the deviants who follow you.

And Hell is certainly the promised place for them, all together.

It has seven gates[19]; each gate will have its allotted share of them.” ——— [19] The doors of Hell are plenty; according to the crime.

The righteous will be in gardens and springs.

“Enter in peace and safety[20]!” ——— [20] i.e., safe from all ills, troubles, and all that might put a dent in their happiness.

We will remove all ill feelings from their hearts[21]; like brothers, seated on couches facing one another. ——— [21] This is in perfection of their bliss, by having no ill-will whatsoever.

No fatigue will ever touch them therein[22], nor will they ever be made to leave. ——— [22] i.e., untainted by drawbacks of toil or uneasiness about the future.

Inform My slaves that I am indeed the All-Forgiving, the Most Merciful,

and that My punishment is the most painful punishment.

And inform them about the guests of Abraham.

When they entered upon him and said, “Peace!” He said, “We are afraid of you[23].” ——— [23] When he saw that their hands did not reach the roasted calf he presented to them.

They said, “Do not be afraid; We give you glad tidings of a knowledgeable boy[24].” ——— [24] i.e., Isaac; of great religious knowledge.

He said, “Do you give me glad tidings despite my old age? What glad tidings are you giving me?”

They said, “We have given you glad tidings in truth, so do not be of those who despair[25].” ——— [25] Abraham (عليه السلام) might have shown signs of doubt at believing such news.

He said, “Who would despair of his Lord’s mercy except those who are misguided[26]?” ——— [26] Abraham’s (عليه السلام) reply disproves the assumption that he was despondent of Allah’s Mercy.

He said, “So, what is your mission, O messengers?”

They said, “We have been sent to a wicked people[27], ——— [27] i.e., the people of the prophet Lot (عليه السلام).

except the household of Lot; we will surely save them all,

except his wife[28]; We have decreed that she will be among those who stay behind.” ——— [28] For she has collaborated with the evildoers.

When the messengers came to the household of Lot[29], ——— [29] Details of the first three nations destroyed are given in this and the following verses, which were en route of the famous trading journeys of the Qurayshites: the people of Prophet Lot, those of the thicket (the people of Shu‘ayb), and those of Hegra (Madā’in Sālih).

he said, “You are unfamiliar people.”

They said, “We have come to you with that [punishment][30] which they have doubted. ——— [30] i.e., the divine punishment.

We have come to you with the truth, and we are certainly truthful.

So travel with your household in the dark of night and go behind them; none of you should look back[31], and keep going to where you are commanded.” ——— [31] To be more persistent in their walk and strike some distance before dawn, or not to be frightened and traumatized by catching sight of the horrific punishment of their folks.

We conveyed this decree to him that these [people] will be exterminated by early morning.”

The people of the city came [to Lot] rejoicing[32]. ——— [32] At the news of his visitors.

Lot said, “These are my guests, so do not bring shame on me.

Fear Allah and do not disgrace me.”

They said, “Did we not forbid you from [protecting] people?”

He said, “These are my daughters [to marry], if you must[33].” ——— [33] i.e., the women of my community or my own daughters in a lawful marriage.

By your life [O prophet], they were wandering blindly in their intoxication [of lust][34]. ——— [34] Admonition is of no use, no matter how reasonable it is, when someone is drunk in their lust.

So they were seized by the blast at sunrise,

and We turned their cities upside down[35] and rained down on them stones of baked clay. ——— [35] Their nature was twisted, so their punishment was of its like.

Indeed, there are signs in this for those who discern[36]. ——— [36] i.e., those who look deeply into signifying signs.

And their place is located by a known route[37]. ——— [37] i.e., on the highway to the Levant, where the Dead Sea is now.

Indeed, there are signs in this for the believers.

And the people of the Forest[38] were wrongdoers. ——— [38] i.e., the people of the thicket, i.e. the people of Prophet Shu‘ayb (عليه السلام) who lived in Madian, not far from the people of Lot.

So We punished them in retribution, and both [places][39] are by a clear highway. ——— [39] i.e., both the dwellings of the people of Prophet Lot (عليه السلام) and Prophet Shu‘ayb (عليه السلام).

Surely the people of Al-Hijr[40] also rejected the messengers. ——— [40] i.e., Thamūd: the people of Prophet Sālih (عليه السلام).

We gave them Our signs, but they kept turning away from them.

They carved houses in the mountains, feeling secure[41]. ——— [41] These mountainous strongholds gave them a false sense of security against any consequences.

So they were seized by the blast early in the morning.

Nothing of what they earned was of any avail to them.

We have not created the heavens and earth and all that is between them except for a true purpose. The Hour is certainly coming, so bear with them graciously[42]. ——— [42] This final passage puts things into perspective, addressing the Prophet (ﷺ) - that all people, including those who tormented him, will be justly held accountable for their deeds, and asking him to overlook their taunts and not censure them for it.

Indeed, your Lord is the Absolute Creator, the All-Knowing.

We have surely given you the seven oft-repeated verses[43] and the great Qur’an. ——— [43] i.e., Seven of al-Mathāni (seven repeatedly recited verses), referring to Surat al-Fātihah.

Do not look longingly at the pleasures We have given certain classes[44] of them[45], nor grieve over them[46], but lower your wing [in humility] to the believers[47]. ——— [44] Azwāj: literally means pairs; here it means those who are alike in prosperity, as not all of them were rich and prosperous. [45] So as to test them therein. [46] The Prophet (ﷺ) felt sad that they would not believe and save themselves from Hellfire. [47] The favor of the Qur’an far surpasses all other favors and worldly gains.

And say, “I am indeed a clear warner.” –

just as We sent down [punishment] upon those who divided [their religion][48], ——— [48] i.e., the People of the Book, who accepted some portions of the Torah and rejected some.

those who split the Qur’an into different portions[49]. ——— [49] i.e., calling it magic, divination, or poetry.

By your Lord, We will surely question them all

concerning what they used to do.

Then proclaim what you are commanded, and turn away from those who associate partners with Allah.

We will surely suffice you against the mockers[50], ——— [50] For this command will be tough, Allah gave him assurance.

those who set up beside Allah another god; they will come to know.

We know that you are distressed by what they say.

So glorify your Lord with praise and be among those who prostrate [to Him][51], ——— [51] The remedy is in resorting to Allah Almighty.

and worship your Lord until the certainty [of death] comes to you.