İngilizce Meal — Rowad Tercüme Merkezi — An-Nahl 16:1 – Al-Furqan 25:77

Allah’s decree is coming[1], so do not seek to hasten it. Glorified and Exalted is He far above what they associate with Him[2]! ——— [1] Allah’s punishment is imminent and certain, as the Hour is approaching. [2] Shirk (associating partners with Allah) is the most egregious of all sins, as He warned against it right after mentioning the imminence of the Hour. Allah stresses against Shirk or calls for pure Tawhīd (monotheism) in the two subsequent verses as well.

He sends down the angels with revelation by His command to whom He wills of His slaves, [saying], “Warn that none has the right to be worshiped except Me, so fear Me.”

He created the heavens and earth for a true purpose. Exalted is He far above what they associate with Him!

He created man from a sperm-drop, and then he becomes a clear adversary[3]. ——— [3] As soon as he becomes strong and independent. The ones who are meant here are, especially, the disbelievers who deny resurrection, argue against the Truth, and are ungrateful to Allah’s favors.

And He has created the livestock for you as a source of warmth and other benefits[4], and from them you eat. ——— [4] i.e., in clothing, tents, furnishings, etc.

There is beauty for you in them when you bring them home to rest and when you take them out to graze[5]. ——— [5] Their bringing back is mentioned before their setting off to pasture because that is when their udders and waists are full and thus more pleasing to the beholder.

And they carry your heavy loads to lands that you could not reach without great hardship. Indeed, your Lord is Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

And [He created] the horses, mules and donkeys for you to ride and for adornment, and He creates other things that you do not know.

It is upon Allah to show the straight path, while other ways are deviant. If He had willed, He could have guided you all.

It is He Who sends down rain from the sky, from it you drink, and by it plants thrive on which you pasture your livestock.

He causes to grow therewith crops, olives, palm trees, grapevines and all kinds of fruits[6] for you. Indeed, there is a sign in this for people who reflect. ——— [6] It highlight the great wonder that although all these are irrigated with the same water, yet they come in different kinds, tastes, colors and shapes.

And He has subjected for you the night and day, the sun and moon, and the stars[7] are made subservient by His command. Indeed, there are signs in this for people of understanding. ——— [7] Stars are crucial for knowing the directions in the darkness of the sea and the land.

And He has created for you various kinds of things on earth[8]. Indeed, there are signs in this for people who take heed. ——— [8] Such as animals, minerals, plants and inanimate objects.

It is He Who has subjected the sea, so that you may eat from it tender meat and extract ornaments to wear. And you see the ships cleaving their way through its waves[9], so that you may seek His bounty and so that you may give thanks. ——— [9] Another great sign of Allah, that heavy ships and vessels run smoothly on the surface of water without sinking.

And He has placed into the earth firm mountains, so it does not tremor with you, and there are rivers[10] and pathways so that you may find your way, ——— [10] Rivers are like bloodlines spreading life in the land; people drink from them along with their livestock, grow crops, and travel through them.

and landmarks and the stars by which they find their way[11]. ——— [11] With landmarks to find the way during the daytime and with the stars at night.

Is then He Who creates equal to one who cannot create? Will you not then take heed?

If you try to count Allah’s favors, you will not be able to enumerate them. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Allah knows all that you conceal and all that you reveal.

But those whom they invoke besides Allah do not create anything; rather, they themselves are created.

They are dead, not living[12]; not even knowing when they will be resurrected. ——— [12] i.e., inanimate or without understanding.

Your God is One God. But those who do not believe in the Hereafter, their hearts refuse to know, and they are arrogant[13]. ——— [13] Arrogance and snobbery are the underlying reasons for denying Allah’s Signs and rejecting the Truth.

Undoubtedly, Allah knows what they conceal and what they reveal[14]. Indeed, He does not like those who are arrogant. ——— [14] He will hold them to account over them.

When it is said to them, “What has your Lord sent down?” They say, “Ancient fables!”

They will bear their burdens in full on the Day of Resurrection and some burdens of those whom they misled without knowledge[15]. How terrible is what they will bear! ——— [15] The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “Whoever calls to misguidance will incur as much sin as that of whoever follows him.” [Muslim: 2674].

Those who came before them plotted, so Allah uprooted their buildings from their foundations and the roof fell down on top of them[16], and the punishment came on them from where they could not imagine. ——— [16] i.e., Allah caused their plot to fail and exposed their plan.

Then on the Day of Resurrection, He will disgrace them and will say, “Where are My [so-called] partners for whose sake you used to oppose [the truth]?” Those who were given knowledge will say, “Today disgrace and misery will befall the disbelievers.”

Those whose souls are seized by the angels while they wrong themselves will then offer submission, “We did not do anything evil.” “Yes, indeed you did! Allah knows well what you used to do.

So enter the gates of Hell, abiding therein forever. What a terrible abode for those who were arrogant!”

And it will be said to those who fear Allah, “What has your Lord sent down?” They will say, “All that is good.” For those who do good in this world, there is a good reward[17]; and the home of the Hereafter is far better. What an excellent home for those who fear Allah! ——— [17] Of a plentiful and satisfying life in this world.

They will enter the Gardens of Eternity, under which rivers flow. They will have therein whatever they wish[18]. This is how Allah rewards those who fear Him, ——— [18] Unlike this worldly life.

those whose souls the angels take while they are in a state of purity[19], saying, “Peace be upon you; enter Paradise for what you used to do.” ——— [19] Their souls will be purified from polytheism, sins, and ill feelings.

Are [the disbelievers] waiting for the angels to come to them[20] or for the command of your Lord to come[21]? Those who came before them did the same. It was not Allah Who wronged them, but it was they who wronged themselves. ——— [20] To take their souls while they are unjust to themselves. [21] To punish them in this worldly life.

They were afflicted by the evil consequences of their deeds, and they were overwhelmed by what they used to ridicule.

Those who associate partners with Allah say, “If Allah had willed, neither we nor our forefathers would have worshiped anything besides Him, nor would we have prohibited anything without His command[22].” Those who came before them did the same. Is the duty of the messengers except to convey the message clearly? ——— [22] They falsely argue citing predestination (al-qadā’ wa al-qadar), while they were given the ability to choose the path to follow in this life.

Indeed, We sent to every community a messenger, [saying], “Worship Allah and shun false gods[23].” Among them were some whom Allah guided, while others were destined to stray. So travel through the land and see how was the end of the deniers! ——— [23] Tāghūt: false objects of worship. See footnote 2:256.

Even though you are keen to guide them, Allah does not guide those whom He causes to stray[24], and they will have no helpers. ——— [24] As a result of their choice to reject guidance.

They swear by Allah their solemn oaths that Allah will not resurrect those who die. Yes, He will! It is a true promise upon Him, but most people do not know –

so that He may make clear to them that over which they differ, and so that the disbelievers may realize that they were liars.

When We intend something, We only say to it, “Be!”, and it is.

Those who migrated for the sake of Allah after being oppressed[25], We will surely give them good in this world. But the reward of the Hereafter is greater, if only they knew, ——— [25] The Companions who fled persecution to Abyssinia, or the early migrants to Madinah.

those who endured patiently and put their trust in their Lord.

We did not send before you except men to whom We sent revelation. Ask the people of knowledge[26], if you do not know. ——— [26] People of the knowledge (ahl al-dhikr) are the People of the Book, the Jews and Christians. They are mentioned here for the Makkan Arabs because they were generally regarded as possessors of knowledge before the advent of Islam.

[We sent them] with clear proofs and scriptures, and We have sent down to you [O Prophet] the Reminder to explain to people what has been sent down to them, and so that they may reflect.

Do those who devise evil plots feel secure that Allah will not make them sink into the earth or that the punishment will not come upon them from where they do not expect?

Or that He may seize them while they are going about[27], and they will have no escape? ——— [27] i.e., their recurrent travels through lands and going about their lives.

Or that He will seize them when they are in a state of fear? But your Lord is indeed Ever Gracious, Most Merciful[28]. ——— [28] Postponing punishment and giving opportunity for repentance.

Do they not see the things that Allah has created, how their shadows incline to the right and left, prostrating[29] to Allah in all humility? ——— [29] Prostration is the greatest sign of submission to Allah.

To Allah prostrates[30] all that is in the heavens and on earth of living things, and so do the angels; and they do not show arrogance. ——— [30] Actual prostration or figurative one, which is full submission.

They fear their Lord above them, and they do what they are commanded.

Allah said, “Do not take two gods[31]. He is only One God, so fear Me alone.” ——— [31] i.e., more than one.

To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and earth, and constant devotion is to Him alone. Will you then fear anyone other than Allah?

Whatever blessing you have, it is from Allah. Then when you are afflicted with hardship, to Him alone you cry out for help[32]. ——— [32] The One Who grants favors and removes hardship is to be worshiped alone.

Then as soon as He removes the hardship from you, some of you associate partners with their Lord,

showing their ingratitude for what We have given them. Then enjoy yourselves now, but you will soon come to know.

They assign a portion of what We have provided for them to those [idols] who know nothing. By Allah, you will surely be called to account for what you used to fabricate.

To Allah they ascribe daughters[33] – glory be to Him – but for themselves they choose what they desire [i.e., sons]. ——— [33] The pagans falsely claimed that the angels were Allah’s daughters.

When one of them is given the good news of a female baby, his face darkens while suppressing his anguish.

He hides away from people because of the bad news he was given. Should he keep her in disgrace, or bury her in the dust? How terrible is their judgment!

Those who do not believe in the Hereafter have evil attributes[34], and Allah has the highest attributes[35], for He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. ——— [34] As described in the previous two verses such as the need for children, ignorance, and disbelief. [35] Attributes of grandeur, perfection, and knowledge, and is free from all imperfections and need.

If Allah were to take people to task for their wrongdoing, He would not leave a single living being on earth, but He gives them respite for an appointed time. When their time comes, they cannot delay it for a moment nor can they bring it forward.

They attribute to Allah[36] what they dislike for themselves, and their tongues make false claim that they will have the best [reward][37]. Without a doubt for them there will be the Fire, and they will be neglected. ——— [36] That the angels are Allah’s daughters. [37] Both in this life and in the Hereafter.

By Allah, We sent [messengers] to nations before you, but Satan made their deeds[38] appealing to them. He is their ally today, and for them there will be a painful punishment. ——— [38] Such as disbelief, polytheism, rejecting the Messenger, and evil deeds.

We have only sent down to you the Book so that you may make clear to them what they differed about[39] and as a guidance and mercy for people who believe. ——— [39] i.e., worshiping Allah alone, resurrection, and the rules of law.

Allah sends down rain from the sky and revives thereby the earth after its death. Indeed, there is a sign in this for people who listen[40]. ——— [40] i.e., those who listen and reflect on such evidence of Allah’s ability over the resurrection.

And there is surely a lesson for you in livestock. We give you drink from what is in their bellies – produced between excretion and blood – pure and pleasant milk for those who drink[41]. ——— [41] This pure, palatable and enjoyable milk, comes from between the smelly excretion and colored blood.

And from the fruits of palm trees and grapevines, you make intoxicants[42] and good provision[43]. Indeed, there is a sign in this for people of understanding. ——— [42] This is a Makkan surah that was revealed prior to the prohibition of intoxicants. [43] It alludes that there are both evil and good aspects to certain things.

Your Lord inspired the bees, “Make homes in the mountains, the trees, and in the trellises that people put up,

Then feed on every kind of fruit and follow the ways that your Lord made easy for you.” There comes out from their bellies a drink[44] of various colors, in which there is healing for people. Indeed, there is a sign in this for people who reflect. ——— [44] i.e., honey.

Allah has created you, then He causes you to die. Among you are some who are left to reach the most decrepit age[45], so that they may know nothing after having known much. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, Most Capable. ——— [45] i.e., old age when both the physical and mental powers of a human diminish.

Allah has favored some of you over others in provision. Those who are favored will not share their provision with their slaves, so that they may become equal to them[46]. Do they then deny the favors of Allah? ——— [46] If they would not accept to equally share their provision with their slaves, how would then they set up associates with Allah in worship?

Allah has made for you spouses of your own kind[47], and has given you through your spouses children and grandchildren, and has given you provision from good things. Do they still believe in falsehood and deny the favors of Allah? ——— [47] i.e., humans in general, or the original creation of Eve out of Adam.

They worship besides Allah those who have nothing to provide for them from the heavens and earth[48], nor are they capable of doing so. ——— [48] i.e., rain from the sky or plants from the earth.

So do not make comparisons to Allah[49]. Indeed, Allah knows and you do not know[50]. ——— [49] As there is none comparable to Him. [50] Due to not realizing Allah’s Greatness and out of their ignorance, they draw comparisons between Him and their idols.

Allah makes a comparison of a bonded slave who has no power over anything and a [free] person whom We granted good provision from Us, and he spends from it secretly and openly. Are they equal? All praise be to Allah. But most of them do not know[51]. ——— [51] No sane person would equate the two, then how do they equate the Creator of the Possessor of the whole universe and the inanimate idols in worship?!

And Allah makes a comparison of two men, one of them is dumb and unable to do anything, and he is a burden to his master; wherever he directs him, he brings no good[52]. Is he equal to the one who enjoins justice and follows a straight path? ——— [52] This is the description of their idols who are mute, deaf, mindless, and not able to do anything.

To Allah belongs the unseen [aspects] of the heavens and earth; and the coming of the Hour is no more than the blink of an eye or even quicker, for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

Allah brought you out from your mothers’ wombs not knowing anything, and He gave you hearing, sight and intellect, so that you may be grateful[53]. ——— [53] Men should use these faculties of hearing, sight, and intellect to ponder over their creation and know their Lord, be grateful to Him, and worship Him alone.

Do they not see the birds enabled to fly in the open air? None holds them up except Allah. Indeed, there are signs in this for people who believe.

Allah has made your houses a place of rest for you, and He has given you tents made from the hides of livestock which you find light to handle when you travel and when you camp. And out of their wool, fur and hair [He has given you] furnishings and enjoyment for a while.

Allah has made for you shade out of what He has created and has made for you shelter in the mountains. He has also made for you garments protecting you from heat [and cold], and garments [of armor] protecting you in battle. This is how He perfects His favors upon you, so that you may submit to Him.

But if they turn away, your duty is only to convey the message clearly.

They know Allah’s favors, yet they deny them, and most of them are ungrateful.

On the Day when We raise up a witness[54] from every community, no excuse will be accepted from the disbelievers, nor will they be allowed to make amends. ——— [54] i.e., their Messenger to bear witness as to how his nation answered his call.

When the wrongdoers face the punishment, it will not be lightened for them, nor will they be given any respite.

When those who associated partners with Allah see their [so-called] partners, they will say, “Our Lord, these are our partners whom we used to worship besides You.” But they will counter them with the statement, “You are indeed liars.”

On that Day they will offer submission to Allah[55], and all what they used to fabricate will vanish from them. ——— [55] They then realize that they deserve the punishment.

Those who disbelieve and prevent others from the way of Allah, We will add punishment to their punishment for the corruption they used to spread.

On the Day when We raise up against every community a witness from among themselves, We will bring you [O Prophet] as a witness against these [people]. We have sent down to you the Book as an explanation of everything, and as a guidance, mercy, and glad tidings for the Muslims.

Allah enjoins justice, kindness, and giving relatives[56] [their dues], and He forbids shameful acts, evil deeds and oppression. He exhorts you, so that you may take heed. ——— [56] Degree of kinship: Parents, then offspring, then brothers and sisters, then paternal uncles and aunts, then maternal uncles and aunts, and then other relatives.

Fulfill the covenant of Allah when you pledge, and do not break oaths after confirming them, having made Allah your witness, for Allah knows all what you do.

Do not be like the woman who unravels her yarn after spinning it firmly, by taking your oaths as a means of deceit between yourselves so that one party might gain an advantage over the other[57]. Allah only puts you to the test thereby[58], and on the Day of Resurrection, He will surely make clear to you all that over which you used to differ. ——— [57] i.e., Do not swear falsely or break a treaty merely for worldly gain. [58] As to who will honor their binding pledge and who will break it for another alluring pact with a stronger party.

If Allah had willed, He would have made all of you a single community [of believers], but He causes to stray whom He wills and guides whom He wills[59], and you will surely be questioned about what you used to do. ——— [59] According to His infinite knowledge of each soul’s preference.

Do not take your oaths as a means of deceit between yourselves, lest some feet will slip after they have been firm[60], and you will taste the evil consequences of preventing people from the way of Allah, and for you there will be a great punishment. ——— [60] i.e., after their feet became firm in Islam.

Do not trade the covenant of Allah for a small price. Indeed, what is with Allah is best for you, if only you knew.

Whatever you have will come to an end, but whatever Allah has will last forever. And We will surely grant those who remain steadfast their reward according to the best of their deeds.

Whoever does righteous deeds, male or female, while being a believer, We will surely grant him a good life[61], and We will surely reward them according to the best of their deeds[62]. ——— [61] By the sweetness of faith, comfort in the heart, and satisfaction with the provision given by Allah. [62] In the Hereafter.

When you recite the Qur’an, seek refuge with Allah from the accursed Satan.

Indeed, he has no power over those who believe[63] and put their trust in their Lord. ——— [63] Satan has no authority over them except whisperings.

He only has power over those who take him as their patron[64], and who - under his influence - associate partners with Allah. ——— [64] Who follow him and obey his commands.

When We replace one verse with another[65] – and Allah knows best what He sends down – they say, “You are just making it up.” In fact, most of them have no knowledge. ——— [65] By abrogating (naskh) of a ruling altogether with a new one or maintaining its wording in the Qur’an.

Say, “This has been brought down by the Holy Spirit[66] from your Lord with the truth, to strengthen those who believe, and as guidance and glad tidings to the Muslims.” ——— [66] i.e., the Gabriel (Jibrīl), who is purified from any treachery and defect.

We surely know that they say, “It is only a human being who teaches him[67].” But the language they refer to is foreign, whereas this is eloquent Arabic language. ——— [67] The pagans of Makkah falsely claimed that a non-Arab teaches Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

Those who do not believe in the verses of Allah, Allah will not guide them, and for them there will be a painful punishment.

No one fabricates lies except those who do not believe in the verses of Allah; it is they who are the liars.

Whoever disbelieves in Allah after having believed – except one who is compelled while his heart is firm in faith – but those who embrace disbelief willingly, upon them will be the wrath of Allah, and for them there will be a great punishment.

That is because they prefer the life of this world to the Hereafter, and Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.

These are the ones whose hearts, hearing and sight are sealed up by Allah[68]; it is they who are the heedless. ——— [68] Because they did not use their faculties of perception to seek guidance.

No doubt that it is they who will be the greatest losers in the Hereafter.

As for those who emigrated after being persecuted, then strove [for the cause of Allah], and were patient[69] – indeed, your Lord is after that All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [69] Those emigrants who were forced to utter the word of disbelief, to save their lives, but then emigrated to Madinah and fought against the disbelievers while being steadfast in faith.

On the Day when each soul will come pleading for itself, and each soul will be paid in full for what it did, and none will be wronged.

Allah presents an example of a town[70] that was safe and secure, receiving its provision in abundance from all directions. Yet its people showed ingratitude to Allah’s favors, so Allah made them taste overwhelming hunger and fear for what they used to do. ——— [70] i.e., Makkah.

There came to them a messenger[71] from among themselves, but they rejected him, so the punishment seized them[72] while they were wrongdoers. ——— [71] i.e., the Prophet (ﷺ). [72] By adversity and fear.

So eat from the lawful and good things that Allah has provided for you, and be grateful for Allah’s blessings, if it is Him that you worship.

He has only forbidden to you carrion, blood[73], flesh of swine, and what is slaughtered to other than Allah. But if one is compelled by necessity – neither driven by desire nor exceeding the need – then Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [73] i.e., the flowing blood, not what remains in blood vessels after slaughter.

Do not falsely say what your tongues declare, “This is lawful and this is unlawful,” thus fabricating lies against Allah. Those who fabricate lies against Allah will never succeed.

It is only a brief enjoyment, then for them there will be a painful punishment.

We have already related to you what We prohibited to the Jews[74]. We did not wrong them, but it was they who wronged themselves. ——— [74] See 6:146.

As for those who commit evil out of ignorance then repent after that and mend their ways, then your Lord is indeed All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Abraham was a model of excellence[75], devoted to Allah and inclined to true faith, and he was not one of those who associate partners with Allah. ——— [75] Having all the excellent qualities which make one a role model for others, or he was a ‘nation’ on his own because he was the only believer on earth.

He was grateful for His favors; He chose him and guided him to a straight path.

We gave him good in this world, and in the Hereafter, he will surely be among the righteous[76]. ——— [76] Sālihīn (righteous) are the prophets and the messengers.

Then We revealed to you [O Prophet] to follow the religion of Abraham, inclining to true faith[77], and he was not one of those who associate partners with Allah. ——— [77] i.e., Islamic Monotheism.

The Sabbath was only ordained for those who differed about it[78]. Your Lord will surely judge between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning that over which they used to differ. ——— [78] To dedicate Sabbath for worshiping Allah away from their daily livelihood, after they deviated from Friday which was enjoined upon them beforehand.

Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom[79] and goodly exhortation[80], and reason with them in the best manner[81]. Your Lord knows best who has strayed from His way and knows best those who are rightly guided. ——— [79] Accordingly, taking into account the circumstance of the addressee. [80] That endears good to people. [81] Being kind, well-spoken, and tolerant to win hearts.

If you retaliate, let your retaliation be the like of what you suffered. But if you bear with patience, it is surely best for those who are steadfast.

And be patient, for your patience comes only from Allah; do not grieve over them[82], nor be distressed by their evil plots. ——— [82] The Prophet (ﷺ) was grieved that they would not believe.

Indeed, Allah is with those who fear Him and those who do good.

Glory be to the One Who took His slave [Muhammad] by night from the Sacred Mosque [in Makkah] to the Aqsā Mosque [in Jerusalem] whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs. Indeed, He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.

We gave Moses the Scripture and made it a guide for the Children of Israel, “Do not take besides Me anyone as a Disposer of Affairs[1]. ——— [1] i.e., rely upon none except Allah, for He alone is the Disposer of Affairs of the whole universe.

O descendants of those whom We carried [on board] with Noah[2]. He was indeed a grateful slave.” ——— [2] The Children of Israel are given the reference of Prophet Noah (عليه السلام); to follow him for being dutiful and thankful to Allah.

We declared to the Children of Israel in the Scripture, “You will surely spread corruption on earth twice, and you will surely become exceedingly arrogant[3]. ——— [3] Allah foretold them out of infinite knowledge about future events.

When the first of the two warnings came to pass, We sent against you some of Our slaves of great might, and they ravaged through the land[4]; this warning was bound to be fulfilled[5]. ——— [4] killing them and plundering. [5] i.e., the punishment they were promised for their first transgressions.

Then We gave you the upper hand over them and strengthened you with wealth and children, and made you greater in number.

If you do good, it is for your own good, but if you do evil, it is to your own loss. Then when the second warning came to pass, your enemies would disgrace and suppress you[6], and enter the Temple [of Jerusalem][7] as they entered it the first time, and utterly destroy whatever fell into their power[8]. ——— [6] By killing, taking hostage, submission and humiliation. [7] Bayt al-Maqdis. [8] It would be a total wreckage.

Your Lord may bestow mercy upon you, but if you return [to sin], We will return [to punishment][9]. And We have made Hell a prison for the disbelievers.” ——— [9] After this great affliction, Allah would give them back their lost sovereignty, but if they revert back to their old rebellious ways then the way of Allah is never changing.

Indeed, this Qur’an guides to what is most upright and gives glad tidings to the believers who do righteous deeds that they will have a great reward.

And that those who do not believe in the Hereafter, We have prepared for them a painful punishment.

Man prays for evil as he prays for good, for man is ever hasty[10]. ——— [10] i.e., becomes impatient and acts without forethought.

We have made the day and night as two signs. We darkened the night and made the day bright, so that you may seek your Lord’s bounty and know the number of years and calculation [of time]. And We have expounded everything in detail.

We have bound every man’s deeds to his neck[11]. On the Day of Resurrection, We will bring forth for him a record which he will find spread open. ——— [11] i.e., after showing guidance for him, he is responsible for his own destiny.

[It will be said,] “Read your record; this Day you are sufficient to take account of yourself[12].” ——— [12] Everyone will be dealt with justly.

Whoever accepts guidance, it is only for his own good; and whoever goes astray, it is only for his own loss. No bearer of burden will bear the burden of another, nor do We punish until We have sent a messenger[13]. ——— [13] The disbelievers will have no excuse whatsoever.

Whenever We decide to destroy a town, We command its affluent ones [to obey Allah] but they defiantly disobey, so the punishment becomes inevitable, and We destroy it completely.

How many generations We have destroyed since the time of Noah[14]! Your Lord is sufficient as All-Aware and All-Seeing of the sins of His slaves[15]. ——— [14] Warning them of the consequences of the previously destroyed nations. [15] The address here shifts to Muhammad (ﷺ) to assure him that Allah will bring them to account.

Whoever desires this fleeting life[16], We hasten therein whatever We will to whoever We please. Then We prepare for him Hell, which he will enter, despised and rejected. ——— [16] i.e., worldly pleasures.

But whoever desires the Hereafter and strives for it as he should, being a believer – it is those whose efforts will be appreciated[17]. ——— [17] Allah will accept their good deeds, multiply their reward, and overlook their sins.

We give both – the latter and the former – from the bounty of your Lord, and Your Lord’s bounty is not restricted[18]. ——— [18] Allah gives provision for all in the life of this world without exception.

See how We have favored some over others [in this world], but the Hereafter has higher ranks and greater degrees of excellence for some over others[19]. ——— [19] In beauty, wealth, power, knowledge, etc; as a test for them, to see how they react.

Do not set up with Allah any other god, or else you will be despised and forsaken[20]. ——— [20] Having none to thank them for it, nor support them in the least.

Your Lord has ordained that you worship none but Him, and show kindness to parents. If one or both of them reach old age in your care, do not say to them a word of annoyance[21] nor scold them, rather speak to them noble words, ——— [21] ’uff: an expression of irritation and disapproval.

and lower to them the wing of humility[22] out of mercy, and say, “My Lord, have mercy upon them as they raised me when I was small[23].” ——— [22] It is a metaphor; i.e., shows the parents the utmost humbleness like a bird lowering its wing as it hugs its young or so. [23] For they are at their weakest phase of life, similar to what he was in his early childhood.

Your Lord knows best what is in your hearts. If you are righteous, He is All-Forgiving to those who constantly turn to Him.

Give relatives their due, and the needy and the stranded travelers, and do not spend wastefully.

Indeed, the wasteful are Satans’ brothers[24], and Satan is ever ungrateful to his Lord[25]. ——— [24] Islam is a religion of moderation and good consideration; neither wastefully nor stingily, but moderate. [25] Disbelievers are the most ungrateful ones as they rebel against Allah's commands instead of showing obedience to Him, for they follow the way of the devil towards Allah.

But if you must turn away from [those in need] while hoping to receive bounty from your Lord[26], then say to them words of comfort. ——— [26] i.e., if you have nothing to give them now.

Do not be too tight-fisted[27], nor too open-handed[28], for you will end up blameworthy and destitute. ——— [27] i.e., stingy. [28] i.e., extravagant.

Your Lord extends provision to whom He wills or restricts it[29]. He is All-Aware and All-Seeing of His slaves. ——— [29] He gives or withholds wealth according to what is best for the person concerned and what they would do with it if he is provided with it.

Do not kill your children for fear of poverty[30], for We provide for them and for you. Indeed, killing them is a great sin. ——— [30] Abdullāh ibn Mas‘ūd (رضي الله عنه) reported: “I said: “O Messenger of Allah, what is the greatest sin?” He said: “That you set up rivals with Allah, when He is the One Who created you!” Then I said: “What is next?” He said: “That you kill your child because he eats with you!” [Al-Bukhāri: 6811].

Do not go near adultery[31], for it is indeed a shameful act and an evil way. ——— [31] i.e., avoid all things that might lead to it.

Do not kill any soul that Allah has forbidden, except in the course of justice. If anyone is killed wrongfully, We have given his heir authority [of compensation], but he should not exceed the bounds in killing, for he is already supported [by law].

Do not approach the property of an orphan except with good [intent][32], until he reaches maturity; and fulfill the covenant, for you will certainly be questioned about the covenant. ——— [32] i.e., to improve, increase, or preserve it.

Give full measure when you measure, and weigh with accurate scales; that is fair and best in the end[33]. ——— [33] Fair dealing is best, for it brings blessing, psychological calm, and reward in the Hereafter.

Do not follow[34] that of which you have no knowledge. Indeed, the hearing, the sight, and the heart, all of them will be called to account. ——— [34] i.e., do not say or assume.

Do not walk on the earth arrogantly; you cannot cleave the earth, nor can you reach the mountains in height[35]. ——— [35] Man is indeed a weak and small creature, then why arrogance?!

The evil of all these actions is hateful to your Lord.

This is part of the wisdom that your Lord has revealed to you [O Prophet]. Do not set up any other god with Allah, or you will be thrown into Hell, blameworthy and rejected[36]. ——— [36] i.e., self-reproached and blamed by others for this miserable end, as well as shut away from all good.

Has your Lord favored you with sons and has taken for Himself angels as daughters[37]? You are indeed making a monstrous claim. ——— [37] Their feeble argument is debunked and refuted concerning the issue of purity of Faith and Monotheism. Although preferring male over female is a heathen way; yet, how would Allah, the Omnipotent Creator, accept for Himself what they do not accept for themselves? (cf. 37:149-155). They worshiped the angels based on the claim that they were Allah’s daughters. (cf. 43:19-20).

We have explained things in various ways in this Qur’an, so that they may take heed, but it only increases them in aversion[38]. ——— [38] “We send down the Qur’an as a healing and mercy for the believers, but it does not increase the wrongdoers except in loss.” See below 17:82.

Say, “If there were other gods besides Him – as they claim – they would have surely sought a way to the Lord of the Throne[39].” ——— [39] To please Him or take over His Throne.

Glorified and Highly Exalted is He far above what they claim!

The seven heavens and the earth, and all those in them glorify Him. There is not a single thing that does not glorify Him with His praise, but you do not understand their glorification. Indeed, He is Most Forbearing, All-Forgiving.

When you recite the Qur’an, We place between you and those who do not believe in the Hereafter an invisible barrier[40]. ——— [40] Preventing guidance from them, for their aversion.

We have placed covers on their hearts so that they do not understand it, and deafness in their ears[41]. When you mention your Lord alone in the Qur’an, they turn their backs in aversion. ——— [41] This is in return for their hatred toward the truth and the ingrained disease of doubt in their hearts.

We are well aware of what they wish to hear when they listen to you, and what they say when they converse in private, when the wrongdoers say, “You are not following but a bewitched man.”

See how they call you names[42]! Thus they have gone astray and cannot find a way. ——— [42] i.e., a poet, a madman, bewitched, etc.

They say, “What! When we are turned into bones and dust, will we really be resurrected as a new creation?”

Say, “Be you stones or iron[43], ——— [43] i.e., even if you could be stones or iron in hardness or in power.

or any other substance you think is harder[44] to bring back to life.” They will then say, “Who will bring us back [to life]?” Say, “The One Who created you the first time.” They will shake their heads[45] at you and say, “When will that be?” Say, “Perhaps it is soon.” ——— [44] Such as the heavens and the earth. [45] In ridicule and disbelief.

On the Day when He calls you, you will respond by praising Him, thinking that you had not stayed [on earth] except for a little while.

Tell My slaves that they should say what is best[46], for Satan sows discord among them. Indeed, Satan is a sworn enemy to mankind. ——— [46] i.e., they should be considerate and kind, well-spoken, and tolerant to win hearts.

Your Lord knows you best: if He wills, He will have mercy on you; or if He wills, He will punish you. We have not sent you [O Prophet] to be in charge of them[47]. ——— [47] The mission of the Prophet (ﷺ) was only delivering the Message; their guidance and holding to account is up to Allah Almighty.

Your Lord knows best all those in the heavens and on earth[48]. We have surely favored some prophets over others, and We gave David the Psalms[49]. ——— [48] Allah knows all and what they deserve. [49] Al-Zabūr is revealed to Prophet David (عليه السلام); al-zabūr (pl. zubūr) originally is every book that contains wisdom. See 3:184.

Say, “Call upon those whom you claimed [to be gods] besides Him; they have no power to remove harm or avert it from you.”

Those whom they call upon seek means of nearness to their Lord, each trying to become closer, hoping for His Mercy and fearing His punishment[50]. Indeed, the punishment of your Lord is fearsome. ——— [50] Such as angels, prophets, righteous believers, etc.

There is no [disbelieving] town except that We will destroy it before the Day of Resurrection or punish it severely[51]. This is written in the Record[52]. ——— [51] Due to the disbelief and sins of its inhabitants. [52] i.e., the Preserved Tablet.

Nothing prevents Us from sending signs except that the earlier people denied them[53]. We gave Thamūd the she-camel as a clear sign, but they wrongfully rejected her[54]. We do not send signs except as a warning. ——— [53] So that the pagans of Makkah do do not face the consequences of the earlier nations. [54] i.e., they committed an injustice by hamstringing the she-camel.

And [remember, O Prophet] when We told you, “Your Lord encompasses all people [with His knowledge and might][55].” We did not make the sight which We showed you[56] except as a test for people, as well as the cursed tree [mentioned] in the Qur’an. We keep threatening them, yet it only increases them to greater transgression. ——— [55] i.e., Allah will protect you (ﷺ) from their harm. [56] During the journey of mi‘rāj (ascension) to the heavens.

And [remember] when We said to the angels, “Prostrate to Adam;” they all prostrated except Iblīs, who said, “Should I prostrate to whom You created from clay?”

He added, “Do You see this one whom You have honored above me? If you give me respite until the Day of Resurrection, I will surely overpower his offspring, except for a few[57].” ——— [57] i.e., tempt and lead them astray.

Allah said, “Be gone[58]! Whoever among them follows you, Hell will be an ample recompense for you all. ——— [58] This and the next commands were actually a threat.

Entice with your voice whoever of them you can; mobilize against them your cavalry and infantry; manipulate them in their wealth[59] and children[60], and make promises to them.” But Satan does not promise them except delusion[61]. ——— [59] i.e., earning and spending them sinfully. [60] i.e., having and raising them sinfully and giving them polytheistic names. [61] i.e., deception and fraudulence.

“You will have no authority over My slaves.” And sufficient is your Lord as a Guardian.

It is your Lord Who makes the ships sail for you through the sea, so that you may seek of His bounty. Indeed, He is ever Merciful to you.

When hardship strikes you at sea, you forget all those whom you invoke besides Him[62]. Then when He brings you safe to the land, you turn away. Mankind is ever ungrateful. ——— [62] Upon the conquest of Makkah, ‘Ikrimah ibn Abī Jahl along with his companions fled to the sea. He pledged in the sea that if he was saved from the storm that hit their boat, he would embrace Islam, so he fulfilled his pledge and announced his Islam.

Do you feel secure that He will not make some part of the land swallow you up, or send against you a storm of stones? Thereupon you will find none to protect you.

Or do you feel secure that He will not send you back [to sea] once again, and send upon you a violent storm to drown you on account of your disbelief? Thereupon you will find none to help you against Us[63]. ——— [63] To demand restitution.

We have honored the children of Adam, carried them on land and sea, provided for them good things[64] and favored them above many of those whom We have created. ——— [64] By bestowing them with intellectual abilities and making angels prostrate to their father, Adam. Furthermore, Allah subjected other creatures to them, as they mount with dignity their means of transportation both on land and in the sea. Allah also provided them with good food, drinks, and spouses, etc.

On the Day when We will summon every community with its leader[65]. Those who are given their record in their right hand will read their record [happily]; they will not be wronged even as much as the thread of a date stone. ——— [65] Or what they followed in their worldly life.

But whoever was blind [from the truth][66] in this life will be even blinder in the Hereafter and further astray from the right way. ——— [66] i.e., refused to see the truth.

They were about to tempt you away from what We have revealed to you [O Prophet] so that you would fabricate something else and attribute it to Us; then they would have surely taken you as a close friend.

Had We not made you stand firm, you would nearly have inclined to them a little.

In that case, We would have made you taste double punishment, both in this life and after death. Thereupon you would have found no helper against Us.

They were about to provoke you so as to drive you out of the land [of Makkah], but then they would not have remained after you, except for a little while[67]. ——— [67] Makkah was completely cleared of the Prophet's enemies only ten years after his emigration.

Such was Our way with the messengers We sent before you, and you will find no change in Our way.

Establish prayer at the decline of the sun until the darkness of the night, and the recitation of dawn [prayer][68], for the recitation of dawn is ever witnessed [by the angels][69]. ——— [68] i.e., the zuhr, asr, maghrib, and ‘ishā’ prayers. [69] i.e., the fajr prayer, in which the recitation of the Qur’an is prolonged, for it is witnessed by angels. This verse alluded to all five obligatory daily prayers.

And wake up during the night and pray, as an additional prayer for you [O Prophet], so your Lord may raise you to a praised status[70]. ——— [70] Al-Maqām al-Mahmūd (the position of the Grand Intercession) is granted to the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

And say, “My Lord, make me enter an honorable entrance[71] and make me exit an honorable exit[72], and grant me from Yourself a supporting authority.” ——— [71] Into Madinah while emigration, all entrances, or into the grave. [72] From Makkah, all exits, or at the resurrection.

And say, “The truth has come and falsehood has perished. Indeed, falsehood is bound to perish[73].” ——— [73] Abdullāh Ibn Mas‘ūd (رضي الله عنه) narrated that: “The Prophet (ﷺ) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest, and there were around 360 idols around the Ka‘bah. He went on thrusting them with a stick in his hand making them tumble down and saying: “The Truth has come and falsehood has perished...” [al-Bukhārī: 87; Muslim: 1781]

We send down the Qur’an as a healing and mercy[74] for the believers, but it does not increase the wrongdoers except in loss. ——— [74] Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī (رضي الله عنه) reported that: “Some of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) set out on a journey and they passed by an Arabian tribe. The chief of that tribe was bitten by a snake. They went to them and sought their help. A person amongst us said: “I shall treat him with ruqyah (incantation). But I shall not treat him unless you reward us. We asked you for your hospitality and you refused!” They agreed to give us a herd of goats. So he went to him and recited Surat al-Fātihah and blew over him. The chief was invigorated and went on walking with no sign of ailment. They gave them the agreed reward. Some of the Companions said: “Let us divide it!” Others said: “Do not, until you reach the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), tell him what has happened and see what he bids us do”. They went to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and told him. He said: “How did you come to know that it can be used as ruqyah? You have done the right thing. Divide it and allocate a share for me” [al-Bukhārī: 5749; Muslim: 2201]. ‘Ā’ishah (رضي الله عنه) narrated that: “When ill, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to recite al-Mu‘awwidhāt (the Sheltering surahs, al-Falaq and al-Nās) and blow. When his sickness got worse, I used to recite them over him and rub his body with his own hand seeking its blessing” [Al-Bukhārī: 5016; Muslim: 2192].

When We bestow favor upon man, he turns away and distances himself, but when evil befalls him, he is in utter despair.

Say, “Everyone acts in his own way[75], but your Lord knows best whose way is best guided.” ——— [75] Say to them O Prophet, continue in your way of disbelief, with which you are satisfied; I will continue with my path of guidance.

They ask you [O Prophet] about the spirit[76]. Say, “The soul is only known to my Lord, and you have not been given knowledge except a little.” ——— [76] i.e., the spirit that sustains life in the body or the Archangel Gabriel.

If We willed, We could surely take away what We have revealed to you, then you would find no guardian to plead its return from Us;

nevertheless it is a mercy from your Lord[77], for His favor to you is truly great. ——— [77] Allah would not take away the Qur’an, out of mercy to His Prophet and to His servants.

Say, “If all humans and jinn were to come together to produce something similar to this Qur’an, they would not be able to produce the like of it, even if they collaborated with one another[78].” ——— [78] The miraculousness of the Qur’an and its inimitability lie in both its word and meaning.

We have explained every kind of example[79] for mankind in this Qur’an, yet most people persist in disbelief. ——— [79] i.e., proofs, admonitions, similitudes, and stories, so that people of sound reason may take heed.

They say, “We will never believe in you until you cause a spring to gush forth for us from the earth[80], ——— [80] Showing miracles are of no use, even if it is catastrophic to them.

or until you have a garden of date palms and grapevines, and you cause rivers to flow abundantly in their midst,

or you make the sky to fall upon us in pieces – as you claim – or bring Allah and the angels before us face to face,

or until you have a house of gold, or you ascend to heaven, and even then we will never believe in your ascension unless you bring down to us a book which we can read.” Say, “Glory be to my Lord! Am I anything but a human, sent as a messenger?”

Nothing prevented people from believing when guidance came to them except that they said, “Has Allah sent a human as a messenger?”

Say, “If there had been angels walking on earth peacefully, We would have certainly sent down to them from the heaven an angel as a messenger.”

Say, “Allah is Sufficient as a witness between me and you. He is indeed All-Aware, All-Seeing of His slaves.”

Whoever Allah guides is truly guided; and whoever He causes to stray, you will find none to protect them besides Him. On the Day of Resurrection, We will gather [and drag] them on their faces – deaf, dumb and blind. Their abode will be Hell; every time it subsides, We will flare it up for them[81]. ——— [81] As a consequence of his own preference.

That will be their recompense because they rejected Our verses and said, “What! When we are turned into bones and crumbled particles, will we really be raised as a new creation?”

Do they not see that Allah, Who created the heavens and earth, is able to create the like of them? He has decreed for them an appointed time, about which there is no doubt, yet the wrongdoers persist in denial.

Say, “If you were to own the treasuries of my Lord’s mercy, you would surely hold them back for fear of spending, for man is ever miserly.”

We gave Moses nine clear signs. Ask the Children of Israel when he came to them, Pharaoh said to him, “O Moses, I certainly think that you are bewitched[82].” ——— [82] Makkans are warned by his example not to hasten their punishment by asking for miracles that they would not believe.

Moses said, “You already know that none sent down these [signs] except the Lord of the heavens and earth as clear proofs, and I certainly think that you, O Pharaoh, are doomed!”

So he decided to exile them out of the land, but We drowned him and all those who were with him.

Thereafter[83] We said to the Children of Israel, “Dwell in the land, but when the promise of the Hereafter comes, We will bring you all together.” ——— [83] After the drowning of Pharaoh and his people.

With the truth We have sent down this [Qur’an] and with the truth it has descended[84], and We have not sent you [O Prophet] except as a bearer of glad tidings and a warner. ——— [84] It is repeated twice in the face of the ardent denial of the pagans of Makkah and their demand to provide them with miracles, asserting here that the Qur’an is a revelation from Allah: it contains truthful news and just rulings, as it is sent down by Gabriel (عليه السلام), the strong and trustworthy, to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), safeguarded against the devils, free from alteration, additions or omission, throughout all times.

This is a Qur’an that We have revealed over stages so that you may recite it to people at a slower pace, and We have sent it down in a successive manner[85]. ——— [85] In separate segments, one coming after another over the duration of 23 years of his mission.

Say, “Believe in it, or do not believe. Those who were given knowledge before it[86], when it is recited to them, they fall on their faces in prostration, ——— [86] Of the People of the Book who recognize the truth.

and they say, “Glory be to our Lord. The promise of our Lord is bound to be fulfilled.”

They fall down on their faces weeping, and it increases their humility.”

Say, “Call upon Allah or call upon the Most Compassionate[87] – whichever name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names.” Do not be too loud in your prayer, nor too quiet, but seek a way in between[88]. ——— [87] The Makkans heard the Prophet (ﷺ) praying to Allah, once as Allah and on another occasion as Al-Rahmān, and claimed that he was praying to two different gods. [Majmū‘ al-Fatāwā, Ibn Taymiyyah, 14:15] Both are two Names for Allah, the One and Only God. [88] Abdullāh ibn Abbās (رضي الله عنهما) reported the reason behind the revelation of this verse: “It came down when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was lying low in Makkah. When he used to lead his Companions in Prayer and raise his voice and the pagans heard him, they would curse the Qur’an and He Who sent it down. So Allah said to His Messenger: “Do not raise your voice is Prayer upon which the pagans would hear you, yet not too quiet that your Companions may not hear you. Make them hear the Qur’an but do not raise your voice to that extent; seeking a middle way between them.” [Al-Bukhārī: 4722; Muslim: 446].

And say, “All praise is for Allah Who has not taken a son, nor does He have any partner in His dominion, nor does He need any protector out of weakness. And proclaim His greatness immensely.”

All praise be to Allah Who has sent down upon His slave the Book, and has not allowed any crookedness therein[1], ——— [1] From the straight path or from the truth.

an upright Book, to warn of severe punishment from Him[2], and to give glad tidings to the believers who do righteous deeds, that they will have a good reward, ——— [2] i.e., a painful punishment that awaits them in the Hereafter, and in this life such as in the battle at the hands of the believers.

wherein they will abide forever;

and to warn those who say, “Allah has begotten a son[3].” ——— [3] Such as the Jews and Christians, and the Arab pagans who claimed that angels are Allah’s daughters.

They have no knowledge of it, nor did their forefathers[4]. What a monstrous word that comes out of their mouths! They say nothing but lies. ——— [4] Of the reality of their false claims about Him.

Perhaps you will grieve yourself to death [O Prophet] over them[5] if they do not believe in this message[6]. ——— [5] To the extent of almost wasting yourself away. [6] i.e., the Qur’an.

We have made all that is on earth as an adornment for it, so that We may test them as to which of them is best in deeds.

And We will surely turn all that is on it into a barren land[7]. ——— [7] It shows the transient nature of life in this world, so one should invest in it for what comes after death.

Do you think that the people of the Cave and the Inscription were of Our only wondrous signs[8]? ——— [8] Rather, there are many other wonders of Allah such as the creation of heavens and earth.

When the youths took refuge in the Cave, and said, “Our Lord, grant us mercy from Yourself, and show us the right way in our ordeal[9].” ——— [9] The youths have sought refuge in the cave for the sake of their religion, so they asked Allah to keep them firm on the straight path.

Then We caused them to fall into a deep sleep in the cave for many years.

Then We awakened them so that We may see which of the two parties would be more precise in calculating the length of their stay.

We relate to you their story in truth. They were youths who believed in their Lord, and We gave them more guidance.

We strengthened their hearts when they stood up and proclaimed, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and earth. We will never call upon any god other than Him, or we would be uttering an outrageous lie[10].” ——— [10] i.e., too far away from the Truth.

These people of ours have taken besides Him other gods. Why do they not bring clear proof about them? Who does greater wrong than one who fabricates lies against Allah?

When you have distanced yourselves from them and what they worship other than Allah, take refuge in the cave; your Lord will extend His mercy to you and make for you an easy way out of your ordeal.”

You would have seen the sun when it rose, it would incline away from their Cave to the right; and when it set, it would turn away from them to the left[11], while they were in its open space. That was one of the signs of Allah. Whoever Allah guides is rightly guided, and whoever He causes to stray, you will never find for him a protecting guide. ——— [11] As such they would get all the air and ventilation they needed to sustain.

You would have thought they were awake, although they were asleep. We turned them over on their right and left sides, when their dog stretched its forelegs at the entrance. If you had seen them, you would have fled away from them, filled with horror[12]. ——— [12] Should anyone were to see them, he would see a group of awake men with a dog standing guarding them, and would surely be filled with horror, which was a factor in preserving them, so no one would dare to draw close to them.

Similarly, We awakened them so that they might question one another. One of them said, “How long have you been here?” They said, “We have been here for a day or part of a day.” They said, “Your Lord knows best how long have you been here. Send one of you with these silver coins of yours to the city, and let him see who has the most pure food and bring some provision from it. And be cautious and let no one know about you.

For if they find out about you, they will stone you or force you back to their religion, and then you will never succeed.”

This is how We made their case known so that the people might know that the promise of Allah is true and that there is no doubt about the Hour. When they were disputing among themselves[13] concerning their matter [of resurrection], they said, “Build a structure over them. Their Lord knows best about them.” Those who prevailed in their matter said, “We will surely build over them a place of worship.” ——— [13] i.e., the inhabitants of the city.

Some will say, “They were three, their dog was the fourth,” while others will say, “They were five, their dog was the sixth,” – merely guessing at the unseen. And others will say, “They were seven, their dog was the eighth.” Say, “My Lord knows best their number; no one knows about them except a few[14]. So do not argue about them except in a brief manner, nor ask anyone about them.” ——— [14] i.e., that which is the sure argument, one in the Qur’an.

And never say about anything, “I will surely do this tomorrow[15],” ——— [15] For you do not know whether you will be able to do it or you will be diverted from it.

without adding, “if Allah wills.” And remember your Lord if you forget, and say, “My Lord will hopefully guide me to something closer to what is right[16].” ——— [16] As soon as one remembers not saying inshā’ Allah concerning doing something in the future, he should say it. Also when one forgets something, he should mention Allah so as to remember things.

They remained in their cave for three hundred years, plus nine[17]. ——— [17] i.e., 309 years.

Say, “Allah knows best how long they remained. To Him belongs [the knowledge of] the unseen of the heavens and earth. How well He sees and how well He hears[18]! They have no protector besides Him, and He shares His command with none.” ——— [18] i.e., Nothing can escape Allah’s Sight and Hearing.

Recite what has been revealed to you from the Book of your Lord. None can change His Words, and you will never find any refuge except with Him[19]. ——— [19] There is no escape from the punishment of Allah, should the Message not be conveyed, recited, and followed accordingly.

Be patient with those who call upon their Lord morning and evening, seeking His pleasure. Do not turn your eyes away from them, desiring the adornments of the life of this world. And do not obey one whose heart We have made heedless of Our remembrance, who follows his desires and whose affairs [deeds] are at loss.

Say, “The truth is from your Lord. Whoever wills may believe, and whoever wills may disbelieve.” We have prepared for the wrongdoers a Fire which will encompass them like the walls. If they cry for relief, they will be relieved with water like boiling oil that will scald the faces. What a terrible drink, and what a terrible resting place!

Those who believe and do righteous deeds, We will not let the reward of those who do good deeds to go to waste.

It is they who will have Gardens of Eternity, under which rivers flow. They will be adorned therein with golden bracelets and will wear green garments of fine silk and brocade, reclining on adorned couches. What an excellent reward, and what a pleasant resting place!

Give them an example of two men[20]: to one of them We gave two gardens of grapevines and surrounded them with palm trees, and placed between them crops[21]. ——— [20] i.e., one was a believer and the second a disbeliever; the disbeliever owned two gardens. [21] The arrogant and wealthy disbelievers of Makkah looked down upon the poor believers and demanded that the Prophet (ﷺ) expel them should he want them to sit and listen to him.

Each garden yielded its produce and did not fall short in the least, and We caused a stream to flow through them.

And he had abundant fruit. He said to his companion, as he was conversing with him, “I am greater than you in wealth and superior in followers.”

He entered his garden, having wronged himself[22], and said, “I do not think that this will ever perish, ——— [22] By being proud and disbeliever.

nor do I think that the Hour will ever come. Even if I am brought back to my Lord, I will surely find something better than this[23].” ——— [23] He thought should there be a tiny possibility of resurrection, based on his wrongful calculation that he was honored in this life because Allah loved him. Hence he fell into the fallacy that if he ever return to Him, he should only expect greater honoring, or he might have said that deridingly.

His companion said, while conversing with him, “Do you disbelieve in He Who created you from dust, then from a sperm-drop, then fashioned you into a well-proportioned man[24]? ——— [24] The One Who created such a magnificent creation in the first place is able to recreate the creatures.

As for me: He is Allah, my Lord, and I do not associate anyone with my Lord.

If only you had said, when you entered your garden, ‘This is by Allah’s Will; there is no power except with Allah.’ Even though you see me as inferior to you in wealth and children,

it may well be that my Lord will give me something better than your garden, and send upon your garden a thunderbolt from the heaven, turning it into a barren land.

Or its water may sink, so you will never be able to get it back.”

Eventually, all his produce was destroyed and he started wringing his hands [in dismay] over what he had spent on it, as it had collapsed on its trellises, and he said, “Oh, would that I had not associated anyone with my Lord!”

He had none to support him against Allah, nor could he support himself.

In that situation[25], the authority only rests with Allah, the True God. He is best in reward and best in outcome. ——— [25] i.e., on the Day of Judgment.

Give them the example of the life of this world: it is like the plants of the earth, thriving when sustained by the rain We send down from the sky, but soon they turn into chaff scattered by the winds. Allah has full power over all things.

Wealth and children are the adornments of the life of this world, but the lasting righteous deeds are better with your Lord in reward and better in hope.

And [beware of] the Day when We will move the mountains away, and you will see the earth laid bare[26]; We will gather them all and not leave behind anyone of them. ——— [26] i.e., flattened.

They will be presented before your Lord in rows, “Now you have come to Us as We created you the first time[27], although you claimed that We would never appoint a time for your return.” ——— [27] Nude, uncircumcised, and lonely.

And the record [of deeds] will be placed before them, and you will see the wicked scared of what it contains. They will say, “Woe to us! What is this book that leaves nothing, small or big, except that it has recorded it?” They will find all what they did before them, and your Lord does not wrong anyone.

And [remember] when We said to the angels, “Prostrate before Adam,” so they all prostrated except Iblīs, who was one of the jinn, but he disobeyed the command of his Lord. Will you then take him and his progeny as protectors instead of Me[28], even though they are your enemies[29]? What a terrible exchange for the wrongdoers! ——— [28] Demons could possess their idols and communicate through them; they also used to seek refuge from the evil of the jinn by appraising them and slaughtering sacrifices for them. [29] Satan along with his fellow demons continues to lead people astray from the right Path.

I did not call them to witness the creation of the heavens and earth, nor even the creation of their own selves, and I would not take those who misguide others as helpers[30]. ——— [30] Allah, the source of guidance, would not take false deities who are the main cause of misguidance as helpers.

And [beware of] the Day when He will say, “Call upon those whom you claimed to be My partners.” So they will call them, but they will not respond to them[31], and We will make them share the same doom. ——— [31] The false deities they took besides Allah will let them down when they need them most on Judgment Day.

The wicked will see the Fire and realize that they are bound to fall into it, and they will find no escape from it.

We have surely diversified in this Qur’an every kind of example for people[32], but man is the most quarrelsome of all beings[33]. ——— [32] So that people may become mindful and be guided. [33] Humans always defend their position instead of yielding to the truth. It pertains to disbelievers more than anyone else.

Nothing prevents people from believing when guidance comes to them and from seeking forgiveness from their Lord except that the fate of the earlier nations should come to them, or that the punishment should come before their eyes.

We do not send the messengers except as bearers of glad tidings and warners. But those who disbelieve seek to undermine the truth with false arguments, and they take My verses and warnings in ridicule.

Who could be more wrong than one who is reminded of the verses of his Lord, but he turns away from them and forgets what his hands have sent forth? We have placed veils on their hearts so that they cannot understand it, and deafness in their ears. Even if you call them to guidance, they will never be guided.

But your Lord is the All-Forgiving, Lord of Mercy. If He were to take them to task for what they did, He would have hastened their punishment. Yet there is an appointed time for them from which they will find no escape.

Those are the towns We destroyed when they persisted in wrongdoing, and We set an appointed time for their destruction.

And [remember] when Moses said to his servant, “I will not give up until I reach the junction of the two seas, or I travel for ages.”

But when they reached the junction of the two seas, they forgot their fish, which made its way into the sea, slipping away.

When they traveled further, he said to his servant, “Bring us our morning meal; this journey has truly exhausted us.”

He said, “You remember when we rested by the rock, I forgot the fish; it was none who made me forget to mention it except Satan, and it made its way into the sea amazingly.”

Moses said, “That is exactly what we were looking for.” So they turned back, retracing their footsteps.

There they found one of Our slaves[34] upon whom We bestowed Our mercy[35] and We taught him from Our Own knowledge[36]. ——— [34] i.e., Al-Khidr. [35] i.e., Prophethood or being a righteous servant of Allah. [36] i.e., the knowledge that Allah gave him such as knowledge of some unseen events, of which others were unaware.

Moses said to him, “May I follow you so that you may teach me some knowledge that you have been taught?”

He said, “You will never be able to have patience with me.”

How can you have patience with that which you have no knowledge about?”

Moses said, “You will find me patient, if Allah wills; and I will not disobey any of your orders.”

He said, “Then if you follow me, do not ask me about anything until I mention it to you.”

So they both set out, until when they boarded a ship, he made a hole in it. Moses said, “Did you make a hole in it to drown its people? You have done something terrible!”

He said, “Did I not tell you that you will never be able to have patience with me?”

Moses said, “Do not take me to task for what I forgot, and do not make it too difficult for me to follow you.”

Then they proceeded until they met a boy, and the man killed him. Moses said, “Did you kill an innocent soul who killed none? You have done something monstrous!”

The man said, “Did I not tell you that you will never be able to have patience with me?”

Moses said, “If I ask you about anything after this, do not keep me in your company, for then you would be excused concerning me.”

Then they went on until they came to the people of a town[37]. They asked its people for food, but they refused to offer them hospitality. They found there a wall that was about to collapse, but he repaired it. Moses said, “If you wished, you could have taken some payment for it.” ——— [37] Who were extremely mean folk.

The man said, “This is the parting of ways between me and you. I will inform you of the interpretation of that which you could not bear with patience.

“As for the ship, it belonged to some poor people who worked at sea. I wanted to make it defective because there was a king ahead of them who seized every [good] ship by force.

“As for the boy, his parents were believers, and we feared that he would overburden them with his rebellion and disbelief[38]. ——— [38] Even though the parents were believers, the son was to become a disbeliever, and it was feared that he would make them fall into disbelief out of their love for him.

So we hoped that their Lord would give them another in his place, more righteous and tender-hearted.

As for the wall, it belonged to two orphan boys in the city, and there was a treasure under it that belonged to them. Their father was a righteous man, so your Lord willed that they should reach their maturity and retrieve their treasure[39], as a mercy from your Lord; I did not do it of my own accord. This is the interpretation of that which you could not bear with patience.” ——— [39] Had they not mended the wall, it would have subsequently fallen; they, being young, weak, and surrounded by mean people, would certainly have lost their treasure.

They ask you about Dhul-Qarnayn[40]. Say, “I will tell you something about him.” ——— [40] The Two-Horned Sovereign, about whom the Quraysh pagans asked the Prophet (ﷺ), along with that of the Companions of the Cave, testing his prophethood. He was named thus because he reached the rising point and the setting point of the sun; or two generations (qarns) of people passed away during his reign; or he had two long locks of hair; or his crown had two horns.

We established him on earth and gave him the means to achieve everything[41]. ——— [41] Such as soldiers, weaponry, etc.

He pursued a course[42], ——— [42] Utilizing these means.

until when he reached the far west, he found the sun setting in a dark body of water, and he found some people nearby. We said, “O Dhul-Qarnayn, either punish them or treat them with kindness.”

He said, “As for one who does wrong[43], we will punish him, then he will be brought back to his Lord, and He will punish him grievously. ——— [43] By persisting in disbelief and associating partners with Allah.

But he who believes and does righteous deeds, he will have the best reward[44], and we will enjoin upon him to do what is easy.” ——— [44] i.e., Paradise.

Then he pursued another course,

until when he reached the far east, he found the sun rising on a people for whom We provided no shelter from it[45]. ——— [45] They had nothing to shade them from the sun; trees, mountains, or buildings.

So it was, and We had full knowledge about him[46]. ——— [46] i.e., Dhul-Qarnayn.

Then he pursued another course,

until when he reached [a valley] between the two mountains, he found beyond them a people who could barely understand a word[47]. ——— [47] They could not speak except their own language.

They said, “O Dhul-Qarnayn, Gog and Magog are spreading corruption in the land. Can we give you some payment in return for you to construct a barrier between us and them?”

He said, “What my Lord has given me is better. But help me with manpower, I will construct a barricade between you and them.

Bring me iron blocks” – until when he leveled between the two mountainsides, he said, “Blow [with bellows],” until when he fired them up to extreme heat, he said, “Bring me molten copper to pour over it.”

Thus they could not climb over it nor could they pierce it[48]. ——— [48] They could not climb the dam for its smooth surface as well as it was as high as the mountains, and could not pierce it for its fortitude.

He said, “This is a mercy from my Lord. But when the promise of my Lord comes to pass[49], He will raze it to the ground. The promise of my Lord is ever true.” ——— [49] Before the Day of Judgment.

On that Day[50] We will let some of them surge like waves over others, and the Trumpet will be blown, then We will gather them all together. ——— [50] When the dam is destroyed.

On that Day We will show Hell to the disbelievers clearly[51], ——— [51] Before they enter it on the Day of Judgment.

those whose eyes were blind to My signs[52] and they were unable to hear [the truth][53]. ——— [52] Or of the Qur’an. [53] To believe in it.

Do the disbelievers think that they can take My slaves as allies instead of Me? We have prepared Hell as a dwelling place for the disbelievers.

Say, “Shall we inform you of the greatest losers in terms of their deeds?

Those whose efforts in the life of this world are wasted, while they think that they are doing well[54].” ——— [54] For they follow other than their Lord’s path, and justify their deviant actions until they finally believe that they are on the right path.

It is those who disbelieve in the verses of their Lord and their meeting with Him; their deeds will be nullified, and We will give no weight to them on the Day of Resurrection[55]. ——— [55] It shows the ghastly fate of the disbelievers.

That is their recompense: Hell, because of their disbelief and taking My verses and messengers in ridicule.

As for those who believe and do righteous deeds, they will have gardens of Paradise[56] as a dwelling place[57], ——— [56] i.e., al-Firdaus: the highest level of Paradise. [57] It shows the regal fate of the believers.

abiding therein forever, never desiring to leave.

Say, “If the ocean were ink for [writing] the Words of my Lord, the ocean would surely run dry before the Words of my Lord[58] are finished, even if We brought its like to resupply it.” ——— [58] i.e., His unlimited Knowledge, or words describing His Attributes and His Grandeur.

Say, “I am only a man like you; it has been revealed to me that your God is One God. So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him do righteous deeds and associate none in the worship of his Lord.”

Kāf Ha Ya ‘Ayyn Sād[1] ——— [1] See footnote 2:1

This is a reminder of the mercy of your Lord to His slave Zachariah,

When he called upon his Lord in private.

He said, “My Lord, my bones have grown feeble, and gray hair has spread across my head,[2] yet never have I been disappointed in my prayer to You, my Lord. ——— [2] Lit., "ignited." The spread of white hair across the head is likened to igniting of fire in the bush.

And I fear my kinsmen after me,[3] and my wife is barren; so grant me from Yourself an heir, ——— [3] i.e., my successors.

who will inherit [prophethood] from me and from the house of Jacob, and make him, O Lord, well pleasing to You.”

[Allah said], “O Zachariah, We give you the glad tidings of a son, whose name will be John – a name that We have not given to anyone before.”

He said, “My Lord, how can I have a son when my wife is barren, and I have reached an extremely old age?”

[The angel] said, “Thus it will be; your Lord says, ‘It is easy for Me; I did create you before when you were nothing.’”

Zachariah said, “My Lord, give me a sign.” He said, “Your sign is that you will not be able to speak to people for three nights,[4] despite being sound.” ——— [4] i.e., without being ill.

Thereupon he came out to his people from the sanctuary and signaled to them to glorify Allah morning and evening.

[Allah said], “O John, hold the Scripture with all your strength.” And We gave him wisdom when he was still a child,

as We made him compassionate and righteous, and he was fearing Allah,

and dutiful to his parents, and he was not an oppressor or disobedient.

Peace be on him the day he was born, the day he will die, and the day he will be raised up to life again!

And mention in the Book [the story of] Mary when she withdrew from her family to a place towards the east.

She screened herself from them, then We sent to her Our Spirit [Gabriel] and he appeared before her in the form of a perfect human being.

She said, “I seek refuge in the Most Compassionate from you; [do not approach me] if you fear Allah.”

He said, “I am only a messenger from your Lord to grant you a righteous son.”

She said, “How can I have a son when no man has touched me, nor have I ever been unchaste?”

He said, “Thus it will be; your Lord says, ‘It is easy for Me; We make him a sign for people and a mercy from Us. This matter has already been decreed.’”

So she conceived him and withdrew with him to a distant place.[5] ——— [5] i.e., Bethlehem, around 6 miles (10 km) to the south of Jerusalem.

The pains of labor drove her to the trunk of a palm tree. She said, “Oh, would that I had died before this and had been completely forgotten!”

Then he[6] called her from beneath her, “Do not grieve; your Lord has provided a stream beneath you. ——— [6] i.e., the archangel Gabriel or the baby.

Shake the trunk of the palm tree towards yourself; fresh ripe dates will drop upon you.

Eat and drink, and be glad. And if you see any human being, say, ‘I have vowed silence[7] to the Most Compassionate, so I will not talk to any human being today.’” ——— [7] Sawm: literally means to abstain or fast from food, speech, etc.

Then she came to her people carrying him. They said, “O Mary, you have committed something monstrous!

O sister of Aaron,[8] your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.” ——— [8] Aaron was a pious man at the time of Mary, or she was from the descendants of Aaron, Moses’ brother.

Thereupon she pointed to him. They said, “How can we talk to someone who is still a baby in the cradle?”

Jesus said, “I am a slave of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet.

He has made me blessed wherever I may be, and has enjoined upon me prayer and zakah as long as I am alive,

and has made me dutiful to my mother, and has not made me an oppressor or disobedient.

Peace is upon me the day I was born, the day I will die and the day I will be resurrected.”

Such was Jesus, son of Mary – a word of truth about which they are in doubt.

It is not befitting for Allah to beget a son. Glory be to Him[9]! When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, “Be,” and it is. ——— [9] i.e., far exalted is He above any such need.

[Jesus said], “Indeed, Allah is my Lord and your Lord, so worship Him. This is a straight path.”

But the factions differed among themselves[10] [about him]. So woe to the disbelievers from the scene of a momentous Day! ——— [10] Some believed that Jesus was God or the son of God, whereas those who truly followed him considered him only as Allah's messenger.

How sharp they will hear and see on the Day they come to Us! But today the wrongdoers are clearly misguided.

Warn them of the Day of Remorse when all matters will be decided, but they are heedless and they do not believe.

It is We Who will inherit the earth and all those who are on it, and to Us they will be returned.

And mention in the Book [the story of] Abraham. He was indeed a man of truth and a prophet.

When he said to his father, “O my dear father, why do you worship something that neither hears nor sees nor benefits you in any way?

O my dear father, there has come to me some knowledge that has not come to you, so follow me; I will guide you to a straight path.

O my dear father, do not worship Satan. Indeed, Satan is rebellious against the Most Compassionate.

O my dear father, I truly fear that a punishment from the Most Compassionate may afflict you and that you may become a companion of Satan [in Hell].”

He said, “Are you turning away from my gods, O Abraham? If you do not desist, I will surely stone you. Keep away from me for a long time!”

Abraham said, “Peace be on you[11]. I will seek my Lord’s forgiveness for you. Indeed, He is Most Gracious to me. ——— [11] i.e., You are secure from me, so I will not harm you in the least.

I will distance myself from you and from all that you supplicate besides Allah, and I will supplicate my Lord; perhaps my supplication to my Lord will not go unanswered.”

When he distanced himself from them and what they worshiped besides Allah, We granted him Isaac and Jacob and made each one of them a prophet.

We bestowed upon them of Our mercy and blessed them with a highly-esteemed reputation[12]. ——— [12] As part of the prayer, Muslims invoke Allah’s blessings upon Muhammad (ﷺ) and his family and Abraham (ﷺ) and his family, on a daily basis.

And mention in the Book [the story of] Moses. He was indeed a chosen one and was a messenger and a prophet[13]. ——— [13] A messenger (rasūl) is one who was sent by Allah to reform society with a new law, such as Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, etc. A prophet (nabī) is one who is charged by Allah to reform society following the law of the messenger before him, such as Jacob, Isaac, Solomon, etc. Prophets are more numerous than messengers.

We called him from the right side of Mount Tūr [in Sinai] and We brought him near by conversing with him in private.

And We granted him, by Our mercy, his brother Aaron, as a prophet.

And mention in the Book [the story of] Ishmael. He was true to his promise and was a messenger and a prophet.

He used to command his people to pray and give zakah, and his Lord was well pleased with him.

And mention in the Book [the story of] Idrīs[14]. He was a man of truth and a prophet. ——— [14] i.e., Prophet Enoch (عليه السلام).

And We raised him to a high status[15]. ——— [15] Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) met Prophet Idrīs (ﷺ) in the fourth heaven.

These are the prophets whom Allah has favored from among the descendants of Adam, and from those whom We carried with Noah [in the Ark], and from the descendants of Abraham and Israel [i.e., Jacob], and from those whom We guided and chose. Whenever the verses of the Most Compassionate were recited to them, they fell down in prostration, weeping.

But they were succeeded by generations who neglected prayer and pursued their desires; so they will meet their doom[16], ——— [16] i.e., a valley in Hell or the consequence of their evil deeds.

except those who repent and believe, and do righteous deeds – it is they who will enter Paradise and they will not be wronged in the least.

Gardens of Eternity which the Most Compassionate has promised His slaves who have not seen them. His promise will surely be fulfilled.

They will not hear therein any idle talk, except greetings of peace, and they will have their provision morning and evening[17]. ——— [17] Whenever they wish in a successive manner, not that there will be days and nights, rather they will know the elapse of time through lights and illuminations.

Such is the Paradise which We will give as an inheritance to those of Our slaves who feared Allah.

[Gabriel said][18], “We do not descend except with the command of your Lord. To Him belongs all that is before us, all that is behind us, and all that is in between. Your Lord is never forgetful. ——— [18] In reply to the Prophet’s wish that Gabriel would visit him more frequently.

Lord of the heavens and earth and all that is between them. So worship Him and be constant in worshiping Him. Do you know anyone equal to Him?”

Man says, “Once I am dead, will I be raised to life again?”

Does man not remember that We created him beforehand when he was nothing?

By your Lord, We will surely gather them and the devils, then We will surely bring them all around Hell on their knees[19]. ——— [19] i.e., out of terror they will be on their knees or dragged unwillingly while on their knees.

Then We will surely drag out of every group those who were most rebellious against the Most Compassionate.

For indeed We know best those who are most deserving to burn therein.

There is none among you except that he will pass over it[20]; a decree from your Lord that must be fulfilled. ——— [20] Referring to the bridge of As-Sirāt, which is placed over Hell. Everyone will pass on it. The believers will cross it easily, each according to their faith, whereas the disbelievers and the hypocrites will fall into the Fire from the bridge.

Then We will save those who fear Allah and will leave the wrongdoers in it on their knees.

When Our verses are recited to them in all their clarity, the disbelievers say to the believers, “Which of the two parties is better in terms of dwellings and superior in social gatherings?”[21] ——— [21] In regard to the life of this world.

How many generations We have destroyed before them who were superior in terms of wealth and outward appearance!

Say, “Whoever is following misguidance, the Most Compassionate will give him respite, until they see what they were warned of – be it the punishment [in this world] or the Hour – only then will they realize who is in a worse abode and who has a smaller following.”

Allah increases in guidance those who are guided, and the righteous deeds of lasting merit are better with your Lord in reward and better in return.

Have you seen the one[22] who rejects Our verses and says, “I will surely be given wealth and children [if I am resurrected]?” ——— [22] Al-‘Ās ibn Wāi’l, a staunch enemy of Islam in Makkah, not only disbelieved in resurrection; rather, he expected that he would be given wealth and children if resurrected.

Has he obtained knowledge of the unseen, or has he taken a pledge with the Most Compassionate?

Never! We will write down what he says and will prolong his punishment extensively.

We will inherit what he boasts of[23], and he will come to Us all alone. ——— [23] He is falsely aspiring for wealth and children in the Hereafter, not only Allah will not give him anything in the Hereafter; rather, He will seize what he owned in the worldly life at the time of his death.

They have taken gods other than Allah, in order that they may protect them [from punishment].

Never! They will deny their worship and will become their enemies.

Do you not see that We sent devils against the disbelievers constantly inciting them to sin?

So do not be in haste about them; We are surely counting down their days[24]. ——— [24] i.e., their breaths or evil deeds.

The Day when We will gather the righteous before the Most Compassionate as honored guests,

and We will drive the wicked to Hell like a thirsty herd.

None will have the power to intercede except those who have taken permission from the Most Compassionate[25]. ——— [25] Through firmly believing in Him and worshiping Him alone.

They say, “The Most Compassionate has begotten a son.”

You have made a monstrous statement,

at which the heavens are about to be torn apart, the earth split asunder, and the mountains tumble down.

because they have ascribed to the Most Compassionate a son.

It is not appropriate for the Most Compassionate to beget a son.

There is none in the heavens and earth except that he will come to the Most Compassionate in full submission.

He has counted them and numbered them precisely.

Each one of them will come to Him on the Day of Resurrection all alone.

Those who believe and do righteous deeds, the Most Compassionate will endear them [to His creation][26]. ——— [26] And He will love them as well.

We have made this [Qur’an] easy in your language so that you may give thereby glad tidings to the righteous and warn people who are contentious.

How many generations We have destroyed before them! Do you sense a single one of them or even hear from them a whisper?

Tā Ha[1] ——— [1] See footnote 2:1

We have not sent down the Qur’an to you [O Prophet] to cause you distress,

but as a reminder for those who fear Allah.

A revelation from the One Who created the earth and the high heavens.

The Most Compassionate rose over the Throne[2]. ——— [2] See footnote 7:54

To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth, and all that is between them, and all that is beneath the soil.

Whether you speak loudly [or not], He surely knows what is secret and what is even more hidden.

Allah – none has the right to be worshiped except Him. He has the Most Beautiful Names.

Has there come to you the story of Moses?

When he saw a fire, he said to his family, “Stay here. I have spotted a fire; I may bring you a flaming brand from it, or find some guidance at the fire[3].” ——— [3] They lost their way in the dark while traveling from Midian to Egypt.

When he came to it, he was called, “O Moses,

Indeed, I am your Lord, so take off your shoes; you are in the sacred valley of Tuwā.

I have chosen you, so listen to what is being revealed:

‘Indeed, I am Allah; none has the right to be worshiped except Me, so worship Me and establish prayer to remember Me.

The Hour is certainly coming, but I almost keep it hidden[4], so that every soul will be recompensed for what it strives. ——— [4] Allah keeps its knowledge hidden from all except its portents which the believers know through the information provided by the Prophet (ﷺ).

So do not let those who disbelieve in it and follow their desires distract you from it[5], or you will perish.’” ——— [5] Or from preparation for the Hour.

What is that in your right hand, O Moses?”

He said, “It is my staff. I lean on it and beat down leaves with it for my sheep, and I have other uses for it.”[6] ——— [6] Moses could only say, “A staff.” But he instead gave details about the staff, for he was interested in prolonging the conversation with Allah.

Allah said, “Throw it down, O Moses!”

He threw it down, and it suddenly became a slithering snake.

Allah said, “Pick it up and have no fear. We will restore it to its former state.

Put your hand under your armpit; it will come out shining white without blemish, as another sign[7], ——— [7] Moses had dark skin, so putting his hand under his armpit and then taking it out shining white without blemish or disease was a real miraculous sign.

so that We may show you some of Our greatest signs.

Go to Pharaoh, for he has transgressed all bounds.”

He said, “My Lord, reassure my heart for me,

and ease my task for me,

and loosen the knot from my tongue[8], ——— [8] When Moses (ﷺ) was being tested by Pharaoh, he took an amber and put it in his mouth, which hindered his speech when he grew up. So, he asked Allah to help him overcome this hurdle, and Allah answered his prayer.

so that they may understand my speech.

And appoint for me a helper from my family,

Aaron, my brother.

Increase my strength through him,

and let him share my task,

so that we may glorify You much,

and remember You much.

For indeed You are All-Watchful over us.”

Allah said, “You are granted your request, O Moses.

And We had already conferred favor upon you before,

when We inspired your mother, saying,

‘Put him into the casket, then cast it into the river. The river will carry it to the shore, and he will be picked up by one who is an enemy to Me and enemy to him.’ I bestowed upon you love from Myself[9] so that you would be brought up under My [watchful] Eye. ——— [9] Allah put his love into the hearts of people, so Pharaoh and his wife accepted to keep him or adopt him as a son when he was still a baby.

When your sister was going along and said, ‘Shall I show you someone who will nurse him?’ Thus We brought you back to your mother, so that she may rejoice and not grieve[10]. Then you killed a man [by mistake][11], but We saved you from distress, and We put you through several trials. You stayed among the people of Midian for several years, then you came [here] at a destined time, O Moses. ——— [10] Because Moses had refused all wet-nurses who were brought to nurse him beforehand. [11] The Coptic person died after Moses struck him.

I have chosen you for Myself.

Go forth, you and your brother, with My signs, and do not slacken in remembering Me.

Go, both of you, to Pharaoh, for he has certainly transgressed all bounds.

But speak to him gently, so that he may take heed or fear Allah.”

They said, “Our Lord, we fear that he may hasten to punish us or transgress all bounds.”

He said, “Do not be afraid; I am with you both, hearing and seeing.

So go to him and say, ‘We are both messengers from your Lord, so let the Children of Israel go with us and do not oppress them. We have come to you with a sign from your Lord, and peace[12] be upon he who follows the true guidance. ——— [12] i.e., safety from the punishment of Allah.

It has been revealed to us that the punishment awaits those who reject [the truth] and turn away.’”

Pharaoh said, “So who is the Lord of you two, O Moses?”

He said, “Our Lord is the One Who gave everything its form and then guided it.”

Pharaoh said, “Then what about the former [disbelieving] nations?”

He said, “Its knowledge is with my Lord in a Record. My Lord never errs, nor does He forget.”

It is He Who spread out the earth for you and made therein pathways for you, and sent down rain from the sky; and We brought forth thereby various types of plants.

Eat and graze your livestock. Indeed, there are signs in this for people of sound intellect.

From this [earth] We created you, and to it We will return you, and from it We will raise you once again.

We showed Pharaoh all Our signs, but he rejected them and refused to believe.

He said, “Have you come to drive us out of our land with your magic, O Moses?

We will surely bring you similar magic. So appoint a day between us that neither you nor we will fail to keep, in a convenient place[13].” ——— [13] i.e., a midway place between us.

Moses said, “Your appointment is the festival day[14]; let the people be gathered at forenoon[15].” ——— [14] So that more people could witness the event. [15] So that people could see Allah’s signs clearly.

So Pharaoh went away and put together his scheme, then came forth.

Moses said to them, “Woe to you, do not fabricate lies against Allah[16], lest He exterminate you with a punishment. Those who fabricate lies are bound to fail.” ——— [16] By considering Allah’s miracles as magic.

Then they disputed the matter among themselves and kept their talk private.

They said, “These two are merely magicians who want to drive you out of your land with their magic and destroy your exemplary way of life.

So gather your scheme, then line up in a row. Whoever prevails today is indeed the victor.”

They said, “O Moses, either you throw or shall we be the first to throw!”

He said, “No; you throw first.” Suddenly their ropes and staffs appeared to him, owing to their magic, as if they were slithering.

Then Moses sensed fear within himself.

We said, “Do not be afraid; it is you who will prevail.

Throw what is in your right hand; it will swallow up what they have contrived. They have only contrived a magic trick, and the magician will never prosper, wherever he goes.”

So the magicians fell down in prostration[17], saying, “We believe in the Lord of Aaron and Moses.” ——— [17] They realized that the miracles of Moses were not impressions of magic, but absolute realities.

Pharaoh said, “How dare you believe in him before I give you permission! He must be your master who taught you magic! I will surely cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides, and I will crucify you on the trunks of palm trees; you will surely know whose punishment is more severe and more lasting!”

They said, “We will never prefer you over the clear signs that have come to us, or over the One Who created us[18]. So decide whatever you will. You can only make a decision about the life of this world. ——— [18] It can also be interpreted as an oath, i.e., “By the One Who created us, we will never prefer you over...”.

We surely believe in our Lord so that He may forgive us our sins and the magic that you have compelled us to practice, for Allah is best [in reward] and more lasting [in punishment].”

Whoever comes to his Lord as an evildoer, for him is Hell; he will neither die therein nor live[19]. ——— [19] He will neither die to relax from punishment, nor live a pleasant life.

But whoever comes to Him as a believer, having done righteous deeds, it is they who will have the highest ranks:

Gardens of Eternity, under which rivers flow, abiding therein forever. Such is the reward of those who purify themselves[20]. ——— [20] From disbelief and sins.

We inspired Moses, “Travel by night with My slaves, and strike for them a dry path across the sea. Have no fear of being overtaken, nor be afraid [of drowning].”

Then Pharaoh pursued them with his soldiers, but they were completely overwhelmed by the sea[21]. ——— [21] i.e., not only drowning in water but other things which are only known to Allah such as terror, pain, regret, etc.

Thus Pharaoh led his people astray and did not guide them.

O Children of Israel, We rescued you from your enemy, and made an appointment with you[22] on the right side of Mount Tūr [in Sinai], and sent down for you manna and quails[23], ——— [22] i.e., with your prophet to talk to him and receive the Tablets for your guidance. [23] They were provided with manna (bread or honey-like food) and quails in the wilderness after they left Egypt.

[saying], “Eat from the good things We have provided for you, but do not exceed the limits therein, or My wrath will befall you, for anyone upon whom My wrath befalls is perished.

I am indeed Most Forgiving to those who repent and believe, and do righteous deeds, then stay on the right path.”

[Allah asked], “What made you hasten from your people, O Moses?”[24] ——— [24] Moses chose a delegation of seventy people from the Children of Israel to go to Mount Tūr to receive the Tablets. He was in haste to meet his Lord, so he rushed to the appointment and arrived before his people, leaving them behind. See (7:143-145)

He said, “They are following my footsteps; I hastened to You, my Lord, to please You.”

Allah said, “We have certainly tested your people in your absence, and Sāmiri[25] has led them astray.” ——— [25] i.e., the Samaritan (a man from Samaria), a hypocrite who led the Children of Israel to the worship of the calf, or to idol-worship.

So Moses returned to his people, angry and sorrowful. He said, “O my people, did your Lord not promise you a good promise[26]? Was my absence too long for you, or did you want the wrath from your Lord to befall you, so you broke your promise to me[27]?” ——— [26] To send down the Torah for your guidance. [27] Of worshiping Allah alone until Moses comes back to them.

They said, “We did not break our promise to you out of our own free will, but we were made to carry loads of the people’s jewelry, so we threw them [into the fire], and so did the Sāmiri throw.”[28] ——— [28] They carried loads of jewelry of the people of the Pharaoh that they had with them, so they threw them into the fire in order to get rid of them. As for the Sāmiri, he threw the dust that he collected from the hoof-print of Gabriel’s horse.

Then he molded for them an image of a calf that made a mooing sound. They said, “This is your god and Moses’ god, but he has forgotten.”

Do they not see that it does not respond a word to them, nor does it have the power to harm or benefit them?

Aaron told them beforehand, “O my people, you are being tested with it. Your Lord is the Most Compassionate, so follow me and obey my command.”

They said, “We will never cease to worship it until Moses comes back to us.”

Moses said, “O Aaron, what prevented you when you saw them going astray,

from following me? Did you disobey my command?”[29] ——— [29] See 7:142.

Aaron said, “O son of my mother, do not seize me by my beard or by my head! I feared that you would say, ‘You have caused division among the Children of Israel, and did not heed my words.’”

Moses said, “What is the matter with you, O Sāmiri?”

He said, “I saw something they did not see, so I took a handful [of dust] from the hoof-print of the horse of the messenger [Gabriel] and cast it [into the fire][30]. This is what my mind prompted me.” ——— [30] While Moses and the Children of Israel were crossing the sea, the Sāmiri saw Gabriel on a horse leading the way, so he took a handful of dust from the hoof-prints of his horse and later threw it at the calf that was made out of the melted ornaments so it started making a bellowing sound.

Moses said, “Begone then! Your [punishment] in this life will be to say, ‘Do not touch me,’[31] but there awaits you an appointed time for your reckoning that you cannot escape[32]. Now look at your so-called god which you kept worshiping; We will surely burn it and then scatter it in the sea. ——— [31] So he was completely shunned by all people, alienated in the desert. [32] On the Day of Judgment.

[O people], your god is only Allah; none has the right to be worshiped except Him. He encompasses everything in knowledge.”

This is how We relate to you [O Prophet] from the stories of the past, and We have given you a Reminder[33] from Us. ——— [33] i.e., the Qur’an.

Whoever turns away from it will bear a heavy burden on the Day of Resurrection,

abiding therein forever[34]. What a terrible burden they will carry on the Day of Resurrection! ——— [34] i.e., in the state of sin and punishment.

the Day when the Trumpet will be blown; on that Day We will gather together the wicked sightless[35] [from horror]. ——— [35] i.e., blind, blue-eyed, blue-faced out of terror.

They will whisper to one another, “You stayed no more than ten days [on earth].”

We know best what they will say – the most discerning among them will say, “You stayed no more than a day.”

They ask you about the mountains, say, “My Lord will scatter them into dust,

and He will leave the earth level and plain,

you will not see therein any troughs or peaks.”

On that day, they will follow the summoner[36]; none will dare to deviate. All voices will be hushed in awe before the Most Compassionate; you will hear nothing except a whisper[37]. ——— [36] To the gathering for reckoning. [37] Or the sound of footsteps.

On that day, no intercession will be of any use except to whom the Most Compassionate gave permission and approved his word.

He knows all that is ahead of them and all that is behind them[38], but they do not encompass it[39] with their knowledge. ——— [38] i.e., what awaits them in the Hereafter and what they did in the world. [39] i.e., His knowledge.

All faces will be humbled before the Ever-Living, Self-Sustaining. Those burdened with wrongdoing[40] will be in a total loss. ——— [40] i.e., sins, evil deeds, or wrongdoing towards others.

But whoever does righteous deeds, being a believer, will have no fear of being wronged or deprived.

We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur’an and diversified its warnings, so that they may fear Allah or it may cause them to take heed.

So Exalted is Allah, the True Sovereign[41]. Do not hasten to [recite] the Qur’an before its revelation to you is concluded[42], and say, “My Lord, increase me in knowledge.” ——— [41] Of everything in existence. [42] Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was eager to recite the Qur’an while it was being revealed, so Allah Almighty told him to avoid being in haste in order to learn them before the verses are properly delivered; rather, listen to them attentively.

We had already given a command to Adam before, but he forgot, and We found him lacking a firm resolve[43]. ——— [43] To resist the temptation of eating from the forbidden tree.

When We said to the angels, “Prostrate before Adam,” they all prostrated, except Iblīs[44], who refused. ——— [44] See footnote 2:34.

We said “O Adam, this is an enemy to you and to your wife, so do not let him drive you both out of Paradise, for then you will fall into misery.

Here you will neither go hungry nor naked,

nor will you suffer from thirst or from scorching heat.”

Then Satan whispered to him, and said, “O Adam, shall I show you the tree of immortality and a kingdom that will never decay?”

So they both ate from the tree, then their nakedness was revealed to each other, and they began to put together leaves from Paradise to cover themselves. Thus Adam disobeyed his Lord and fell into error[45]. ——— [45] Unlike the Bible, the Qur’an does not put the blame on Eve for Adam’s sin, for which they were ousted from the Garden and sent down to the earth. See: (Genesis 3).

Thereafter his Lord chose him, accepted his repentance, and guided him.

Allah said, “Get down, both of you, from here altogether [with Satan] as enemies to one another. Then when there comes to you guidance from Me, whoever follows My guidance will neither go astray nor fall into misery[46]. ——— [46] Neither go astray (in this life) nor fall into misery (in the Hereafter).

But whoever turns away from My Reminder[47] will have a miserable life, and on the Day of Resurrection We will raise him blind.” ——— [47] i.e., the Qur’an.

He will say, “My Lord, why have you raised me blind when I was able to see before?”

Allah will say, “Similarly Our verses came to you, but you ignored them, so you will be ignored Today.”

This is how We recompense those who transgress the limits and do not believe in the verses of his Lord; and the punishment of the Hereafter is more severe and more lasting[48]. ——— [48] Than that of the worldly life.

Is it not yet clear to them how many generations We destroyed before them, in whose dwellings they still walk about? There are signs in this for people of sound intellect.

Were it not for a prior decree from your Lord[49] [O Prophet] and a time already set, they would have already been punished[50]. ——— [49] That He will not punish until the argument is established on them on the Day of Judgment. [50] He would have punished the disbelievers in the life of this world as He did with the destroyed nations of the past.

So be patient with what they say, and glorify your Lord with praise before sunrise and before sunset, and glorify Him during the night and at both ends of the day, so that you may be pleased [with the reward].

Do not turn your eyes covetously towards the various forms of splendor of this life that We have given some of the [disbelievers] to enjoy, as a trial for them. But the provision of your Lord is far better and more lasting.

Enjoin your household to perform prayer and adhere to it firmly. We ask no provision from you; rather, it is We Who give you provision. And the best outcome is for those who fear Allah.

They say, “Why does he not bring us a sign from his Lord?” Has there not come to them [the Qur’an as] a confirmation of what is in the earlier Scriptures[51]? ——— [51] Concerning Muhammad’s prophethood and the Qur'an as a lasting miracle.

If We had destroyed them with a punishment before this[52], they would have said, “Our Lord, if only You had sent us a messenger so that we would have followed Your verses before being humiliated and disgraced.” ——— [52] Before sending Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) or before sending the Qur’an.

Say, “Each of us is waiting[53], so wait! You will come to know who are the people of the straight path and who are rightly guided.” ——— [53] For the end result of this matter.

The reckoning of the people has drawn near, yet they are turning away heedlessly.

Whenever new revelation comes to them from their Lord, they listen to it in jest,

with their hearts heedless. The wrongdoers whisper to one another in secret, “Is this but a human being just like yourselves? Will you then follow his magic, although you openly see?”

He said, “My Lord knows every word spoken in the heavens and earth, for He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.”

Yet they say, “This [Qur’an] is a set of jumbled dreams! Rather, he has fabricated it! Rather, he is a poet! So let him bring us a sign just as the earlier messengers were sent with[1].” ——— [1] Such as the staff of Moses (عليه السلام), the camel of Salih (عليه السلام) and the like.

Not a single town We destroyed before them had believed[2]. Will they then believe? ——— [2] Although they witnessed signs and miracles.

We did not send before you [O Prophet] except men to whom We gave a revelation, so [O people] ask the People of the Scriptures if you do not know.

We did not give them bodies that needed no food[3], nor were they immortal. ——— [3] Such as the angels.

Then We fulfilled Our promise to them: We saved them[4] and those whom We willed, and destroyed those who transgressed all bounds. ——— [4] After they conveyed the message.

We have sent down to you [O people] a Book in which there is honor for you[5]. Do you not then understand? ——— [5] As you have been mentioned and addressed in the Qur’an, or there is a reminder for you in it.

[Imagine] how many towns of wrongdoers We have destroyed[6], and raised after them another people! ——— [6] i.e., who were persisting in wrongdoing.

When they sensed Our punishment, they started running away from it.

“Do not run away, but return to your luxuries and dwellings[7], perhaps you will be questioned.” ——— [7] This is said to them in sarcasm and ridicule.

They said, “Woe to us! We were indeed wrongdoers.”

They kept crying this out loud until We mowed them down, lifeless[8]. ——— [8] i.e., extinguished like ashes.

We did not create the heavens and earth and all that is between them for fun.

If We had wished for a pastime[9], We could have had it from Our own, if We were to do so. ——— [9] Such as a wife or a child.

Rather, We hurl the truth at falsehood, and it crushes it[10], so it vanishes. Woe to you for what you falsely ascribe [to Allah][11]! ——— [10] Lit. "strikes its brain," disabling or killing it. [11] Claiming that He has a son, a wife, or a partner.

To Him belongs all those who are in the heavens and earth. Those [angels] who are with Him are not too proud to worship Him, nor do they ever grow weary.

They glorify Him day and night tirelessly.

Or have they taken gods from the earth who [cannot even] resurrect the dead?

If there had been gods besides Allah in the heavens and earth, both realms would have fallen in disorder. Glory be to Allah – Lord of the Throne – far above what they ascribe [to Him].

He cannot be questioned for what He does, but they will be questioned.

Or have they taken other gods besides Him? Say, “Bring your proof. Here is the Book of those who are with me, and the Book of those who came before me[12].” Yet most of them do not know the truth, so they turn away. ——— [12] The Prophet (ﷺ) is addressed to challenge the pagans to produce their proof for the existence of other gods; whereas, the Qur’an, the Torah, and the Gospel are in agreement that there is no god but Allah alone.

“We never sent before you [O Prophet] any messenger without revealing to him that none has the right to be worshiped except Me, so worship Me.”

They say, “The Most Compassionate has begotten offspring!”[13] Glory be to Him! In fact, those [angels] are His honored slaves. ——— [13] The pagans claimed that angels are the daughters of Allah.

They do not speak before He speaks, and they only do as He commands.

He knows what is ahead of them and what is behind them[14]. They cannot intercede except for whom He pleases, and they are fearful in awe of Him. ——— [14] See footnote 2:255.

If anyone of them were to say, “I am god besides Him,” We would punish him with Hell. This is how We punish the wrongdoers.

Are the disbelievers not aware that the heavens and earth were joined together and then We split them apart? We created from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?

We have set on the earth firm mountains so it does not shake with them, and We have made therein broad pathways so that they may find their way.

And We have made the sky a well-protected canopy, yet they turn away from its signs[15]. ——— [15] Such as the sun and the moon.

It is He Who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon – each floating in its orbit.

We did not grant immortality to any human being before you [O Prophet]. So if you die, will they live forever?

Every soul will taste death; We test you with bad and good as a trial, then to Us you will all be returned.

When the disbelievers see you, they only take you in ridicule, [saying], “Is this the one who speaks ill of your gods?” while they reject even the mention of the Most Compassionate.

Man is created of haste. I will show you My signs, so do not ask Me to hasten them.

They say, “When will this promise come to pass, if you are truthful?”

If only the disbelievers knew the moment when they would be unable to ward the Fire off their faces or their backs, nor would they be helped[16]. ——— [16] The completion of the sentence is "...they would not be asking for the punishment."

Rather, it will come upon them suddenly and stun them; they will not be able to avert it, nor will they be given respite.

Indeed, there were messengers before you who were ridiculed, but those who mocked them were encompassed by what they used to ridicule.

Say, “Who can protect you by night and by day against the Most Compassionate?” Yet they turn away from the admonition of their Lord.

Do they have gods who can defend them against Us? They cannot even help themselves, nor will they be protected from Us.

Nevertheless, We have provided for them and their forefathers luxuries which they enjoyed for a long time. Do they not see that We gradually reduce the land from its outlying sides?[17] Is it they who will then prevail? ——— [17] See footnote 13:41.

Say, “I only warn you by divine revelation.” But the deaf cannot hear the call when they are warned.

If a mere breath of your Lord’s torment were to touch them, they would surely say, “Woe to us! We were indeed wrongdoers.”

We will place the scales of justice on the Day of Resurrection, and no soul will be wronged in the least. Even if a deed is the weight of a mustard seed[18], We will bring it forth. Sufficient are We as Reckoners. ——— [18] i.e., as small or insignificant as a mustard seed.

We certainly gave Moses and Aaron the Criterion, shining light and admonition[19] for the righteous, ——— [19] These are Torah’s three qualities.

those who fear their Lord without seeing Him[20], and are apprehensive of the Hour. ——— [20] Or when they are in private and not seen by others.

And this [Qur’an] is a blessed reminder which We have sent down. Are you still denying it[21]? ——— [21] i.e., pretending ignorance or refusing to acknowledge it?

Indeed, We had given Abraham sound judgment before[22], for We know him well. ——— [22] i.e., before Moses, or in his early youth.

When he said to his father and his people, “What are these statues to which you are so devoted?”

They said, “We found our forefathers worshiping them.”

He said, “Indeed, you and your forefathers were clearly misguided.”

They said, “Have you come to us with the truth, or are you joking?”

He said, “Nay, your Lord is the Lord of the heavens and earth, Who created them, and I am one of those who bear witness to it.

By Allah, I will surely plot against your idols after you have turned and gone away.”

So he broke them into pieces, except the biggest of them, so that they might come back to it.

They said, “Who has done this to our gods? He is indeed one of the wrongdoers.”

They said, “We heard a young man, speaking ill of them, who is called Abraham.”

They said, “Bring him then before the eyes of the people, so that they may witness [his trial][23].” ——— [23] Or his confession about what he did.

They said, “Are you the one who did this to our gods, O Abraham?”

He said, “Rather, it was this biggest one who did it. So ask them, if they can speak!”

So they turned back to one another, and said, “Indeed, it is you who are the wrongdoers.”

Then they turned to their obstinacy[24], [saying], “You already know that they cannot speak.” ——— [24] After first admitting their error.

Abraham said, “Do you then worship besides Allah that which can neither benefit nor harm you in the least?

Fie upon you[25] and upon all that you worship besides Allah! Do you not have any sense?” ——— [25] An expression of anger and displeasure.

They said, “Burn him and avenge your gods if you must do something.”

We said, “O fire, be cool and safe for Abraham.”[26] ——— [26] It is reported in an authentic Hadīth that Abraham said, while being thrown into the fire, “Allah is sufficient for us and He is the best Protector.”

They plotted to harm him, but We made them the worst losers.

And We saved him and Lot [and brought him] to the land[27] that we have blessed for all people. ——— [27] i.e., the Levant. Abraham and his nephew, Lot, were saved from their enemy Nimrod and his people, as they migrated from the land of Babel, Iraq to Jerusalem.

And We gave him Isaac, and then Jacob, a grandson, and We made all of them righteous.

And We made them leaders, guiding people by Our command, and We inspired them to do righteous deeds, establish prayer and give zakah[28]; and they were Our true worshipers. ——— [28] The term "zakah" denotes purification and growth.

To Lot We gave sound judgment and knowledge, and We saved him from the town that was engrossed in shameful practices. They were Indeed an evil and rebellious people.

And We admitted him to Our mercy, for he was one of the righteous.

And [remember] Noah, when he called out[29] to Us before, so We responded to him and saved him and his household[30] from the great distress. ——— [29] i.e., supplicated against his people who had persisted in denial. [30] i.e., the believers of his household.

And We helped him against the people who rejected Our signs. They were indeed evil people, so We drowned them all.

And [remember] David and Solomon, when they passed judgment about the tillage into which some people’s sheep had strayed at night[31], and We were witnesses to their judgment. ——— [31] Destroying the crops and eating therefrom.

We made Solomon understand it[32], although We gave each of them sound judgment and knowledge. We subjected the mountains and birds to glorify Allah along with David. It was We Who did all this. ——— [32] A man’s flock of sheep strayed into another man’s tillage. When the two men came to David for judgment, he ruled that the shepherd must give his sheep in compensation for the damage. Nonetheless, Solomon suggested that the sheep be kept with the owner of the tillage, so he may benefit from their milk and wool, while the shepherd should work on the land to restore it to its former state. Thus, the farmer would take back his tillage in perfect condition, and the sheep would be returned to its owner. David was impressed by his son’s insightful and fair judgment and approved it.

And We taught him[33] the art of making coats of mail for you to protect yourselves in your battle. Will you then be grateful? ——— [33] i.e., David apart from Solomon.

And to Solomon [We subjected] the raging wind, to blow by his command to the land We had blessed. It is We Who have full knowledge of everything.

And among the devils [We subjected] those who dived for him[34] and performed other duties. It is We Who were watching over them[35]. ——— [34] Bringing him pearls. [35] Preventing any disobedience from Solomon's instructions and protecting him from being harmed by them.

And [remember] Job, when he cried out to his Lord, “I have been struck by adversity[36], and You are the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.” ——— [36] i.e., loss of health, wealth, and children.

So We responded to him and relieved his adversity, and We restored to him his family, twice as many, as a mercy from Us and as a reminder for Our worshipers.

And [remember] Ishmael, Idrīs and Dhul-Kifl[37]; they were all steadfast. ——— [37] Idrīs (Enoch); Dhul-Kifl (Ezekiel, or Isaiah).

And We admitted them to Our mercy, for they were truly righteous.

And [remember] the Man of the Whale [i.e., Jonah] when he departed in anger[38], thinking that We would not take him to task. Then he cried out in the depths of darkness[39], “None has the right to be worshiped except You. Glory be to You! I have certainly done wrong”. ——— [38] Due to the disbelief of his people. [39] The darkness of the night, the sea, and the whale's belly.

So We answered his prayer and rescued him from distress. This is how We rescue the believers.

And [remember] Zachariah, when he cried out to his Lord, “My Lord, do not leave me childless, for You are the Best of Inheritors.”

So We answered his prayer and gave him John, and made his wife fertile. They used to hasten in doing good deeds and used to call upon Us with hope and fear, and they were humble before Us.

And [remember Mary] who guarded her chastity; We breathed in her [garment] through Our Spirit [Gabriel] and made her and her son a sign for all people.

Indeed, this religion of yours is one religion, and I am your Lord, so worship Me alone.

But people have divided themselves into sects, yet they will all return to Us.

Whoever does righteous deeds while he is a believer, his efforts will not be denied[40], for We are recording them all. ——— [40] i.e., He will not be deprived of his due reward.

It is not possible for any town that We have destroyed to ever come back [to this world][41], ——— [41] To repent to Allah.

until when Gog and Magog are let loose, swarming swiftly from every mound,

when the True Promise[42] draws near, the eyes of those who disbelieved will stare in horror, [saying], “Woe to us! We were indeed heedless of this; nay, we were wrongdoers.” ——— [42] i.e., the Hereafter.

Indeed, you and all that you worship besides Allah will be the fuel for Hell; you will surely enter it.

If these [idols] had truly been gods, they would not have entered it. But they will all abide therein forever.

They will groan therein with anguish, and they will not be able to hear anything.

But those for whom We have decreed the finest reward, they will be far away from it.

They will not hear its slightest hissing, and they will abide forever in whatever their souls desire.

They will not be grieved by the Greatest Terror[43], and the angels will receive them [saying], “This is your Day that you were promised”. ——— [43] i.e., the events of the Day of Resurrection.

On the Day when We roll up the heavens like a scroll of records. Just as We originated the first creation, so We will bring it back. That is Our binding promise, which We will surely do.

We have written in the Psalms[44] after the Preserved Record[45], that the land will be inherited by My righteous slaves. ——— [44] i.e., the Scriptures. [45] i.e., after inscribing it in al-Lawh al-Mahfūz.

Indeed, there is a message in this [Qur’an] for devoted worshipers.

We have not sent you [O Prophet] except as a mercy to the worlds.

Say, “It is only revealed to me that your God is only One God; will you then submit to Him?

But if they turn away, say, “I have proclaimed the message to you all alike[46], and I do not know whether what you are warned of[47] is near or far. ——— [46] i.e., We and you know that there is no peace between us. [47] i.e., the punishment.

Indeed, He knows what is said openly and knows what you conceal.

I do not know; perhaps this [delay][48] is a test for you[49] and an enjoyment for a while.” ——— [48] i.e., this postponement of punishment. [49] To increase sin.

[The Prophet] said, “My Lord, judge [between us] in truth. Our Lord is the Most Compassionate Whose help is to be sought against what you describe[50].” ——— [50] i.e., of lies and disbelief.

O people, fear your Lord; the earthquake of the Hour is something dreadful.

On the Day when you see it, every nursing mother will abandon her baby, and every pregnant woman will miscarry. You will see people as though they are drunk, while they are not drunk, but the punishment of Allah is severe.

There are some people who dispute concerning Allah without knowledge, and they follow every rebellious devil.

It has been decreed that whoever takes him as an ally, he will misguide him and lead him to the punishment of the Blazing Fire.

O people, if you are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, then We surely created you[1] from dust, then from a drop of sperm[2], then from a clot[3], then from a lump of flesh[4] – formed or unformed[5] – so that We may make it clear to you [Our power]. We settle in the wombs whatever We will for an appointed term. Then We bring you out as infants, then [We nurture you] so that you may reach your maturity. Then some of you die, while others are left to reach decrepit old age so that they may know nothing after having knowledge. You see the land lifeless, then as soon as We send down rain on it, it stirs and swells to life and brings forth every type of pleasant plant. ——— [1] i.e., Your father, Adam. [2] Nutfah: zygote, which is resulted from the union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg). [3] ‘Alaqah: a clinging clot, which resembles a leech. [4] Mudghah: a chewed piece of meat. [5] i.e., formed ending into a healthy embryo, or defective ending in miscarriage.

That is because Allah is the Truth; He alone gives life to the dead, and He is the Most Capable of all things.

The Hour is certainly coming; there is no doubt about it, and Allah will surely resurrect those who are in the graves.

There are some people who argue about Allah without knowledge, guidance or an enlightening scripture.

They turn their faces away [in arrogance] to lead people away from Allah’s way. For them there will be disgrace in this world, and on the Day of Resurrection We will make them taste the punishment of the burning fire.

“This is because of what your hands have sent forth, and Allah is not unjust to His slaves.”

There are some people who worship Allah on the edge [of faith][6]: if something good comes to them, they are content; but if they are afflicted with a trial, they turn back[7], thus losing both this world and the Hereafter. That is the evident loss. ——— [6] i.e., with uncertainty, hypocrisy, or heedlessness. [7] lit., they tumble on their faces, i.e., turn back to disbelief.

They invoke besides Allah what can neither harm nor benefit them. That is the farthest misguidance.

They invoke those whose harm is more likely than their benefit. What a terrible protector and what a terrible associate!

Allah will surely admit those who believe and do righteous deeds to gardens under which rivers flow. Allah surely does what He wills.

Whoever thinks that Allah will never help His Prophet in this world and the Hereafter, let him stretch out a rope to the ceiling and strangle himself, then let him see if his effort can remove what enrages him[8]. ——— [8] i.e., Allah will never stop supporting His Prophet (ﷺ), no matter what the disbelievers do.

This is how We sent down this [Qur’an] as clear verses, and Allah guides whom He wills.

Indeed, those who believe, those who are Jews, the Sabians, the Christians, the Magians[9] and those who associate partners with Allah – Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection; Allah is Witness over all things. ——— [9] i.e., Zoroastrians; fire-worshippers.

Do you not see that to Allah prostrate[10] all those who are in the heavens and all those on earth: the sun, the moon, the stars, the mountains, the trees, the moving creatures, and many humans? But there are many to whom the punishment has become due[11]. Whoever Allah disgraces, none can honor him. Allah surely does what He wills. ——— [10] i.e., all things submit to Allah's Will. [11] Because they did not submit to Allah's Will.

These are two opponents[12] who are in dispute about their Lord. As for the disbelievers, garments of Fire will be tailored for them, and scalding water will be poured over their heads, ——— [12] i.e., the believers and the disbelievers.

melting all that is in their bellies and their skins.

And for [striking] them there will be maces of iron.

Every time, in their anguish, they try to get out of it, they will be forced back into it, “Taste the burning punishment!”

Allah will surely admit those who believe and do righteous deeds to gardens under which rivers flow. They will be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls, and their garments will be of silk.

They were guided to the best of words[13] and they were guided to the praiseworthy path[14]. ——— [13] i.e., the testimony of faith, extolling and praising Allah. [14] i.e., Islam.

As for those who disbelieve and prevent people from Allah’s way and from the Sacred Mosque[15] – which We have made for all people, residents and visitors alike – and whoever intends to deviate therein[16] by evildoing, We will cause him to taste a painful punishment. ——— [15] In Makkah. [16] As the Sacred Mosque is unique, so mere intention of sin therein is sufficient to bring Allah's punishment.

And [remember] when We showed to Abraham the site of the House [Ka‘bah], “Do not associate anything with Me, and purify My House for those who circumambulate it, and those who stand up in prayer, and those who bow and prostrate.

And proclaim the pilgrimage to all people; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel from every distant pathway,

so that they may attain benefits[17], and pronounce Allah’s name during the appointed days over the sacrificial animals[18] that He has provided for them; then eat from it and feed the desperately poor. ——— [17] Spiritual benefits such as getting rewards and forgiveness of sins, as well as worldly benefits such as witnessing the unity of Muslims, trading and etc. [18] An‘ām: such as camels, cattle, sheep and goats.

Then let them complete their rites, fulfill their vows, and circumambulate the Ancient House [Ka‘bah].”

Such [is the pilgrimage]; whoever honors the sacred rituals of Allah, it is best for him with his Lord. All sacrificial animals have been made lawful for you except what is recited to you[19]. So shun the impurity of idolatry and shun the words of falsehood. ——— [19] See 5:3.

Be exclusively devoted to Allah, associating no partners with Him. Whoever associates partners with Allah, it is as if he has fallen from the sky and has been snatched away by birds or swept away by the wind to a far-off place.

This is so. And whoever honors the rituals of Allah, it is from the piety of the hearts.

There are benefits for you in these [sacrificial animals] for an appointed term[20], then their place of sacrifice is near the Ancient House[21]. ——— [20] Such as milking and riding them until the time of sacrifice. [21] i.e., within the precincts of the Haram, which includes Mina.

For every community We ordained rites of sacrifice[22] so that they may mention the name of Allah over the sacrificial animals that He has provided for them. Your God is One God, so submit to Him alone, and give glad tidings to the humble, ——— [22] Rites of sacrifice have always been part of Allah's religion.

those whose hearts are filled with awe when Allah is mentioned, and those who patiently endure whatever may befall them, and who establish prayer and spend out of what We have provided for them.

We have ordained the sacrificial camels [and cattle] among the rituals of Allah, in which there is much good for you. So mention the name of Allah over them when they are lined up, then when they fall down on their sides, eat of them and feed those [poor] who do not beg and those who do. Thus We have made them subservient to you, so that you may be grateful.

It is neither their flesh nor their blood that reaches Allah, but it is your piety that reaches Him. This is how He has subjected them to you, so that you may proclaim Allah’s greatness for having guided you. And give glad tidings to those who do good.

Indeed, Allah defends those who believe, and Allah does not like every treacherous and ungrateful.

Permission [to fight] is given to those who are attacked[23] because they were oppressed, and Allah is indeed Most Capable of granting them victory, ——— [23] it is referring to the Prophet's Companions.

those who have been driven out of their homes for no reason other than they say, “Our Lord is Allah.” If Allah were not to repel some people by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues and mosques wherein the name of Allah is often mentioned. Allah surely helps those who stand up for His cause. Indeed, Allah is All-Powerful, All-Mighty.

It is those who, if We give them power in the land, they establish prayer and give zakah, and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. And to Allah belongs the outcome of all matters.

If they reject you [O Prophet], the people of Noah, ‘Ād and Thamūd before them also rejected [their prophets],

as did the people of Abraham and the people of Lot,

and the people of Midian. And Moses was [also] rejected. But I gave respite to the disbelievers, then I seized them. How severe was My response!

How many towns We have destroyed for their persistent wrongdoing, leaving them in total ruin[24]; their wells abandoned and their lofty palaces deserted! ——— [24] Lit., "fallen upon its roofs," i.e., after the roofs of their buildings had caved in, the walls collapsed over them.

Have they not traveled through the land so that their hearts might understand and their ears might listen? It is not the eyes that turn blind, but it is the hearts within the breasts that turn blind.

They ask you to hasten the punishment, but Allah will not fail in His promise. A single day with your Lord is like one thousand years by your count.

How many towns did I give respite when they were wrongdoers, and then I seized them. And to Me is the final return.

Say, “O people, I am only sent to you as a clear warner.

Those who believe and do righteous deeds will have forgiveness and a generous provision.

But those who strive to discredit Our verses[25], they are the people of the Blazing Fire.” ——— [25] In order to defeat the Prophet (ﷺ).

We did not send any messenger or prophet before you except that when he recited, Satan would cast into it [some misunderstanding]. But Allah would abolish what Satan casts, then Allah would confirm His verses[26], for Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. ——— [26] By clarifying those misunderstood issues, thus removing thereby any doubt.

[That is] so that He may make what Satan casts a trial for those [hypocrites] whose hearts are sick[27] and those [disbelievers] whose hearts are hardened, for indeed the wrongdoers are in extreme dissension. ——— [27] See footnote 2:10.

And so that those who were given knowledge may know that this [Qur’an] is the truth from your Lord, so they may believe in it and their hearts may become humbled to it. Allah surely guides those who believe to the straight path.

Yet the disbelievers will persist in doubt about it until the Hour comes upon them suddenly or there comes upon them the punishment of a barren Day[28]. ——— [28] The Day of Resurrection is described here as ‘aqīm (barren), for it will terminate all forms of life on earth and no new day will be born thereafter.

The sovereignty on that Day belongs to Allah[29]; He will judge between them, then those who believed and did righteous deeds will be in the Gardens of Bliss. ——— [29] Allah gives authority to some of His slaves in this world, but in the Hereafter none will have any authority except Him.

But those who disbelieve and reject Our verses, for them there will be a humiliating punishment.

As for those who emigrate in the cause of Allah and are killed or died, Allah will surely give them a goodly provision. Indeed, Allah is the Best of Providers.

He will surely admit them to a place that they will be pleased with, and Allah is surely All-Knowing, Most Forbearing.

That is[30] so. Whoever retaliates against an aggressive act with its like and is wronged again, Allah will surely help him. Indeed, Allah is Ever-Pardoning, All-Forgiving[31]. ——— [30] i.e., Allah's admitting of the Companions into Paradise. [31] In spite of His ability to take revenge, the verse contains a suggestion that the believers pardon and forgive as well.

That is[32] because it is Allah Who causes the night to merge into the day, and causes the day to merge into the night. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing. ——— [32] i.e., Allah's capability to give assistance or victory to the oppressed.

That is[33] because it is Allah Who is the Truth and whatever they invoke besides Him is falsehood, and it is Allah Who is the Most High, the Most Great. ——— [33] i.e., Allah's merging of the night into the day and the day into the night.

Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky whereupon the earth becomes green? Indeed, Allah is Most Subtle, All-Aware[34]. ——— [34] Of His creation and of the needs of His creatures.

To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth, and indeed it is Allah Who is the Self-Sufficient, the Praiseworthy.

Do you not see that Allah has subjected to you all that is on the earth and the ships that sail through the sea by His command? He holds the sky from falling down on the earth except by His permission. Indeed, Allah is Ever Gracious and Most Merciful to people.

It is He Who gave you life, then will cause you to die, then He will bring you back to life. Indeed, man is ever ungrateful.

For every community We ordained ways[35] of worship which they follow, so do not let them dispute with you [O Prophet] in this matter. But call them to your Lord, for you are indeed on the straight guidance. ——— [35] All prophets came with the same message of worshiping only One God, doing good and shunning evil; nonetheless, each faith-community had their own law.

And if they argue with you, say, “Allah knows best what you are doing.”

Allah will judge between you on the Day of Resurrection concerning that over which you used to differ.

Do you not know that Allah knows all that is in heaven and on earth? That is all [written] in a Record[36]. This is indeed easy for Allah. ——— [36] i.e., the Preserved Tablet (al-Lawh al-Mahfūz).

Yet they worship other than Allah that for which He has not sent down any authority, and of which they have no knowledge. The wrongdoers will have no helper.

When Our verses are recited to them clearly, you notice disgust on the faces of the disbelievers, as if they are about to attack those who recite Our verses to them. Say, “Shall I inform you of something worse than what you feel at present[37]? It is the Fire! Allah has promised it to those who disbelieve; what a terrible destination! ——— [37] i.e., worse than the rage you feel against the believers who recite Allah's verses or your threats against them.

O people, a similitude is set forth, so listen to it: those whom you invoke besides Allah can never create even a fly, even if they all come together for that. And if a fly snatches something away from them, they cannot retrieve it. How feeble is the invoker as well as the invoked[38]! ——— [38] i.e., How feeble are the seekers of the fly and how feeble is the fly!

They have not revered Allah the reverence He deserves[39]. Indeed, Allah is All-Powerful, All-Mighty. ——— [39] Because they worshiped others besides Him Almighty.

Allah chooses messengers from the angels and from mankind. Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.

He knows all that is ahead of them and all that is behind them[40], and to Allah returns all matters. ——— [40] Allah's knowledge encompasses every aspect of His creations in the past, present and future.

O you who believe, bow down and prostrate, worship Your Lord and do good, so that you may succeed.

Strive in the cause of Allah in a due manner. He has chosen you and has not imposed upon you any hardship in religion – the faith of your father Abraham. He named you as Muslims earlier and in this [Qur’an] so that the Messenger might be a witness over you and you might be witnesses over mankind. So establish prayer, give zakah, and hold fast to Allah, for He is your Protector; what an excellent Protector and an excellent Helper!

The believers have attained true success:

those who humble themselves in their prayers,

and those who turn away from all that is vain,

and those who give zakah[1], ——— [1] Zakah (lit.,) purification and growth. Paying alms purifies and increases wealth.

and those who guard their sexual desires[2], ——— [2] i.e., illegal sexual acts.

except with their wives or slave women they may own, for then they are free of blame.

But whoever seeks anything beyond that, it is they who are the transgressors.

And those who are faithful to their trusts and pledges,

and those who properly observe their prayers.

Such will be the inheritors,

who will inherit Paradise[3]; they will abide therein forever. ——— [3] Al-Firdaws: the highest rank in Paradise.

We created man[4] from an extract of clay, ——— [4] i.e., Adam (عليه السلام).

then We placed him as a sperm-drop[5] in a safe place, ——— [5] i.e., a zygote.

then We made the sperm drop into a clinging clot, then We made the clinging clot into a lump, then We made the lump into bones, and We clothed the bones with flesh, and then We developed it into another creation[6]. So Blessed is Allah, the Best of Creators. ——— [6] After breathing the spirit into the embryo.

Then after that you will surely die,

then on the Day of Resurrection, you will surely be resurrected.

We have created above you seven levels [of heaven], and We have never been unaware of Our creation.

We send down water from the sky in due measure and cause it to stay in the earth, and We are surely able to take it away.

With this [water] We produce for you gardens of palm trees and grapevines, in which there are many fruits from which you eat,

and [olive] tree that grows at Mount Sinai, producing oil and condiments for those who eat.

And there is certainly a lesson for you in livestock animals. We provide you with a drink out of what they have in their bellies, and for you there are many benefits in them, and from their [meat] you eat,

and on them and on boats you are carried.

We sent Noah to his people. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. Will you not then fear Him?”

The disbelieving chiefs of his people said, “This is only a man like yourselves who wants to be superior to you. If Allah had willed, He could have sent down angels. We have not heard such a thing from our forefathers.

He is just a madman, so bear with him for a while[7].” ——— [7] Perhaps he may recover from his insanity or his affair may become clear to people.

Noah said, “My Lord, help me, for they have rejected me.”

So We inspired him [saying], “Make the Ark under Our Eyes and according to Our directions. Then when Our command comes and the oven bursts with water[8], take on board a pair of each species and your family, except those against whom the decree has already been passed. And do not plead with Me concerning those who have done wrong, for they will surely be drowned.” ——— [8] Or the fountains of the earth gush forth.

Then when you and those who are with you have embarked on the Ark, say, “All praise is for Allah, Who saved us from the wrongdoing people.”

And say: “My Lord, make my landing a blessed landing, for You provide the best landing’”.

Indeed, there are signs in this, and We always put people to the test.

Then We raised up after them another generation[9], ——— [9] i.e., the people of ‘Aad.

and We sent to them a messenger[10] from among themselves [saying], “Worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. Will you not then fear Him?” ——— [10] i.e., Prophet Hūd, who was sent to the people of ‘Aad.

But the chiefs of his people who disbelieved and denied the meeting of the Hereafter, and whom We had made affluent in the life of this world, said, “He is no more than a man like yourselves; he eats what you eat and drinks what you drink.

If you obey a man like yourselves, you will surely be losers.

Does he promise you that when you have died and become dust and bones, you will be brought forth?

Far-fetched, utterly far-fetched is what you are promised![11] ——— [11] i.e., How distant and improbable is the resurrection!

There is nothing except our life in this world; we die, others are born, and none will be resurrected.

He is no more than a man who has fabricated lies about Allah, and we will never believe in him.”

Noah said, “My Lord, help me for they have rejected me.”

Allah said, “In a little while they will surely be regretful.”

So the huge blast[12] overtook them in all justice, and We swept them away like scum[13]. So away with the wrongdoing people! ——— [12] i.e., a piercing cry. [13] Ghutha’ literally means the froth thrown out by flood waters on the banks.

Then We raised after them other generations.

No nation can bring its appointed time forward, nor can it delay it.

Then We sent Our messengers in succession: every time a messenger came to his people, they rejected him. So We destroyed them, one after the others, and made them mere tales[14]. Away with the people who refuse to believe[15]! ——— [14] i.e., history or lessons for people. [15] i.e., those who refuse to believe in the messengers.

Then We sent Moses and his brother Aaron with Our signs[16] and compelling proof[17] ——— [16] Allah sent them both with nine clear signs or miracles: the staff turning into a snake, the bright hand, famine, shortage of crops, floods, locusts, lice, frogs, and blood. [17] i.e., compelling proof that they were Allah’s messengers.

to Pharaoh and his chiefs, but they showed arrogance and were haughty people.

They said, “Should we believe in two men like ourselves when their people are our slaves?”

So they rejected them both and were among those who were destroyed.

We gave Moses the Scripture so that they[18] might be guided. ——— [18] i.e., the Children of Israel.

We made the son of Mary and his mother a sign[19] and sheltered them on a hillside – a place of rest and a flowing stream[20]. ——— [19] The miraculous birth of Jesus is clear proof of Allah's Omnipotence that Mary gave birth to him without male interference. [20] Other Prophets were rejected for being human beings; whereas, people went to two extremes regarding Jesus: some considered him as divine, while some others went to the other extreme by accusing Mary of unchastity, although they were witnesses of the miraculous birth of Jesus and had heard him speak in the cradle.

O messengers[21], eat from the lawful things[22] and act righteously, for I am All-Knowing of what you do. ——— [21] In this verse, all of the messengers have been addressed together, which indicates that they all belonged to the same community and their message was one. [22] They must be wholesome and earned in lawful ways.

Indeed, this religion of yours is one religion[23], and I am your Lord, so fear Me. ——— [23] i.e., the religion of Islam, which is submission to the will of Allah.

But people split up their religion into factions, each faction rejoicing in what it has[24]. ——— [24] Of beliefs, opinions, and customs.

So leave them in their heedlessness for a while.

Do they think that what We give them wealth and children,

that We hasten to them all that is good? No, but they do not perceive it[25]. ——— [25] They do not perceive that the good things given to them in this world are but a trial for them to increase in sin and disobedience.

Those who are in awe for fear of their Lord[26], ——— [26] In spite of their faith and righteousness, they are in awe of their Lord.

and those who believe in the verses of their Lord,

and those who do not associate partners with their Lord,

and those who do whatever [good] they do with their hearts fearful[27], knowing that they will return to their Lord – ——— [27] That their deeds may not be acceptable.

it is they who hasten to do good deeds, and they are foremost in them.

We do not burden a soul more than what it can bear. We have a Record [of their deeds][28] that tells the truth, and none will be wronged[29]. ——— [28] It records every word he utters and every act he does. [29] By wrongfully punishing someone or diminishing the reward of those who did good.

But their hearts are oblivious to this[30], and they have other [evil] deeds that they are doing. ——— [30] They are heedless of the fact that everything they say or do is recorded in a Record, or that they are heedless of the Qur’an.

But as soon as We seize their affluent ones with punishment[31], they start crying for help. ——— [31] On the Day of Judgment.

“Do not cry for help today, for you will receive no help from Us.

My verses were recited to you, but you used to turn back on your heels,

feeling proud of this [Sacred House], spending night in evil talks [about the Qur’an].”

Have they not pondered the Words [of Allah], or has there come to them what did not come to their forefathers?

Or is it that they do not recognize their Messenger, so they deny him?

Or do they say, “There is madness in him?” Rather, he has come to them with the truth, but most of them are averse to the truth.

Were the Truth to follow their desires, the heavens and earth, and all those who are therein would have been ruined. In fact, We have given them their Reminder, but they are averse to their Reminder.

Or do you ask them for some reward[32]? But the reward of your Lord is best[33], and He is the Best of Providers. ——— [32] Which did not actually happen. [33] This was another proof of the Prophet’s prophethood, for he was conveying the message without demanding any recompense for it; rather, he staked his peaceful life and relationships with his people for accomplishing his mission.

Indeed, you are calling them to a straight path,

but those who do not believe in the Hereafter are deviating from that path.

Even if We were to show them mercy and relieve their adversity[34], they would still persist in their transgression, wandering blindly. ——— [34] It refers to the famine which occurred in Makkah some time after the advent of prophethood.

We have already seized them with punishment, but they did not humble themselves to their Lord, nor did they supplicate in humility,

until when We open for them a gateway of severe punishment, they will be plunged into utter despair.

It is He Who gave you hearing, sight and hearts. How little you give thanks[35]! ——— [35] The disbelievers, instead of showing gratefulness for the blessings of eyes, ears, mind, and heart; show ingratitude to their Creator.

And it is He Who spread you on earth, and to Him you will all be gathered.

It is He Who gives life and causes death, and to Him belongs the alternation of night and day[36]. Do you not understand? ——— [36] The One Who possesses all these powers is the only One worthy of worship without any partners with Him.

But[37] they say the like of what the earlier peoples said. ——— [37] Instead of using their understanding and reason.

They say, “Is it that when we die and become dust and bones, will we really be resurrected[38]? ——— [38] The One Who created the earth and everything on it from nothing, it is easy for Him to re-create them once again.

This is what we and our forefathers were promised before; this is nothing but ancient fables.”

Say, “To whom belong the earth and all those who are on it, if you really know?”

They will say, “To Allah.” Say, “Will you not then take heed?”

Say, “Who is the Lord of the seven heavens and the Lord of the Mighty Throne?”

They will say, “Allah.” Say, “Will you not then fear Him?”

Say, “In Whose Hand is the dominion of all things – and He gives protection while none can protect against Him – if you really know?”

They will say, “Allah.” Say, “Then how can you be deluded?”

In fact, We brought them the truth, but they are certainly liars[39]. ——— [39] For claiming that Allah has partners and offspring, and that there is no life after death.

Allah has never begotten a son, nor is there any god besides Him. Otherwise, each god would have taken away what he had created, and each would have tried to gain supremacy over the other[40]. Glory be to Allah far above what they ascribe to Him! ——— [40] Then there would have been serious conflicts and wars among different sovereigns and gods.

Knower of the unseen and the seen. Exalted is He far above what they associate with Him!

Say, “My Lord, if You show me what they[41] are warned of, ——— [41] i.e., the pagans of Makkah.

my Lord, then do not include me among the wrongdoing people[42].” ——— [42] Allah’s punishment should be dreaded by all; when it comes, it does not only destroy the wicked but may also involve the righteous.

We are surely able to show you that of which We have warned them.

Repel evil with what is best; We know well what they claim[43]. ——— [43] That there are other gods besides Allah, and that the Prophet is a liar, a poet, etc.

And say, “My Lord, I seek refuge with You from the temptations of the devils.

And I seek refuge with You, my Lord, that they even come near me.”

Until when death comes to one of them, he says, “My Lord, send me back,

so that I may do righteous deeds in what I left behind.” No, it is only a word he utters. And behind them is a barrier until the Day they are resurrected[44] ——— [44] i.e., Once they die, there will be no chance of returning to the world, and they shall remain in that state until the Day of Resurrection.

When the Trumpet is blown[45], there will be no kinship ties between them on that Day, nor will they ask about one another[46]. ——— [45] When the Trumpet is blown on the Day of Resurrection by an angel, everyone on earth will die. Then it will be blown a second time, and all will raise for Judgment. See 39:68. [46] For everyone will be worried and anxious about his own plight.

So those whose scales [of good deeds] are heavy, it is they who will be successful.

But those whose scales are light, they are the ones who have lost their souls, abiding in Hell forever.

The Fire will scorch their faces, leaving them disfigured[47]. ——— [47] Kālih means a face whose skin has been removed by scorching until the jaws are exposed.

“Were not My verses recited to you, and you used to reject them?”

They will say, “Our Lord, our misfortune overwhelmed us, and we were a people who went astray.

Our Lord, take us out of this; if we returned [to evil], we would certainly be wrongdoers.”

Allah will say, “Stay therein despised and do not speak to Me[48]. ——— [48] i.e., Do not plead your case with Me.

There was a group of My slaves who used to pray, ‘Our Lord, we believe, so forgive us and have mercy upon us, and You are the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.’

But you took them in mockery until they made you forget My remembrance, and you used to laugh at them.

I have rewarded them Today for their patience; it is they who are the successful.”

He will say, “How many years did you stay on earth?”

They will say, “We stayed for a day or part of a day; ask those who keep count.”[49] ——— [49] Compared to the duration and misery of their stay in Hell, their life in this world will seem extremely short to them.

Allah will say, “You only stayed for a while, if only you had known[50]. ——— [50] That the life of this world was transitory and was a test, but you did not realize it.

Did you think that We created you with no purpose and that you would not be brought back to Us?”

Exalted is Allah, the True Sovereign[51]! None has the right to be worshiped except Him, the Lord of the Honorable Throne. ——— [51] The One Who owns everything in existence.

Whoever invokes another god besides Allah, for which he has no proof, his reckoning will be with his Lord[52]. Indeed, the disbelievers will never succeed. ——— [52] i.e., he cannot escape His accountability.

Say, “My Lord, forgive and have mercy, and you are the Best of those who show mercy.”

[This is] a Chapter which We have sent down and ordained, and sent down in it clear commandments so that you may take heed.

As for the woman and the man who commit fornication; flog each of them a hundred lashes. Do not let pity for them make you lenient concerning the law of Allah, if you believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment[1]. ——— [1] Fornication has to be proven either by confession or the testimony of four reliable witnesses to having actually seen the act take place. This ruling is applicable to unmarried fornicators. Execution by stoning is confirmed in the sunnah for married adulterers.

A man who fornicates would only marry[2] a woman who fornicates or a polytheist, and a woman who fornicates would only marry a man who fornicates or a polytheist. Such marriages are forbidden to the believers[3]. ——— [2] i.e., is inclined to marry. [3] Such persons cannot be married to believers unless they repent.

As for those who accuse chaste women [of adultery] but fail to produce four witnesses, flog them eighty lashes and do not accept their testimony ever, for it is they who are the rebellious,

except those who repent afterward and mend their ways, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

As for those who accuse their wives [of adultery] but have no witnesses except themselves, then the evidence of one of them is to testify four times by Allah that he is telling the truth[4], ——— [4] In order that he be spared the punishment for false accusation.

and the fifth [oath] is that may Allah curse him if he is telling a lie.

But she will be spared the punishment if she testifies four times by Allah that he is telling a lie,

and the fifth [oath] is that may Allah’s wrath be upon her if he is telling the truth[5]. ——— [5] It is called li‘ān; once the husband and the wife swear each five times, the marriage is terminated forever.

Were it not for Allah’s grace and mercy upon you, and that Allah is Accepting of Repentance, All-Wise, [He would have punished you][6]. ——— [6] i.e., ...you would have been punished or scandalized.

Indeed, those who came up with the slander[7] are a group among you. Do not think that it is bad for you, rather it is good for you[8]. Each one of them is responsible for what he earned of the sin, and the one who played the major role[9], for him there will be a grave punishment. ——— [7] It refers to the incident when the Prophet's wife ‘Ā’ishah was falsely accused by the hypocrites. [8] For its reward from Allah; believers being distinguished from hypocrites; and ‘Ā’ishah being absolved from false accusation, etc. [9] i.e., ‘Abdullah ibn ’Ubayy, leader of the hypocrites in Madinah.

If only the believing men and women had thought well of themselves, and said, “This is a clear slander!”

Why did they not produce four witnesses to prove it? Now, since they failed to produce witnesses, they are the liars before Allah.

Were it not for Allah’s grace and mercy upon you in this world and in the Hereafter, you would have been afflicted with a great punishment for that [lie] in which you were involved,

when you were passing it from one tongue[10] to the other, and saying with your mouths what you had no knowledge of, and were taking it lightly, whereas with Allah it was a grave offense. ——— [10] Rather than your ears, i.e., not thinking about what you hear but hastening to pass it on to others without verifying it.

If only you had said when you heard it, “How can we speak about such a thing! Glory be to You [O Allah]! This is a monstrous slander!”

Allah admonishes you not to repeat such a thing ever, if you are [truly] believers.

Allah makes the revelations clear to you, for Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

Indeed, those who like to see indecency[11] spread among the believers will have a painful punishment in this world and the Hereafter; Allah knows and you do not know[12]. ——— [11] i.e., unlawful sexual relations. [12] The hidden aspects of all things: what is harmful and what is beneficial.

Were it not for Allah’s grace and mercy upon you, and that Allah is Ever Gracious, Most Merciful [He would have punished you].

O you who believe, do not follow the footsteps of Satan; whoever follows the footsteps of Satan, he only enjoins indecency and evil acts. Were it not for Allah’s grace and mercy upon you, none of you would have ever been purified. But Allah purifies whom He wills, and Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

The people of virtue and affluence among you should not swear to withhold their aid from their relatives, the needy and the emigrants in the cause of Allah. Let them pardon and overlook. Do you not like to be forgiven by Allah? For Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful[13]. ——— [13] Abu Bakr As-Siddīq, ‘Ā’ishah’s father, swore to stop his financial help to his poor cousin, Mistah ibn Athāthah, for he took part in the rumors against ‘Ā’ishah. When this verse was revealed, Abu Bakr resumed his assistance to him.

Those who [falsely] accuse chaste, innocent and believing women are cursed in this life and the Hereafter, and for them there will be a great punishment.

On the Day when their tongues, hands and feet will testify against them for what they used to do.

On that Day, Allah will give them the full recompense that they deserve, and they will know that it is Allah Who is the Ultimate Truth.

Evil women are for evil men and evil men for evil women, and virtuous women are for virtuous men and virtuous men for virtuous women[14]. These [virtuous ones] are innocent of what [the slanderers] say[15]; they will have forgiveness and a generous provision. ——— [14] Or it means: Evil words and deeds are for evil people, and virtuous words and deeds are for virtuous people. [15] It declares the innocence of the Prophet’s wife, ‘Ā’ishah.

O you who believe, do not enter any house other than your own until you ask permission and greet their dwellers[16]. That is best for you, so that you may take heed. ——— [16] By saying "As-salāmu ‘alaykum" (Peace be with you).

If you do not find anyone therein, do not enter it until you have been given permission. If you are told to go back, then go back; that is more proper for you. And Allah is All-Knowing of what you do.

There is no blame on you if you enter uninhabited houses with a useful purpose[17]. And Allah knows what you reveal and what you conceal. ——— [17] Such as taking rest, shelter, or one's personal belongings, etc.

Tell the believing men to lower their gazes and guard their private parts[18]; that is purer for them. Indeed, Allah is All-Aware of what they do. ——— [18] From being seen and from unlawful acts.

Tell the believing women to lower their gazes and guard their private parts, and not to reveal their beauty[19] except what appears[20]. And let them draw their veils over their chests, and not to reveal their beauty[21] except to their husbands, their fathers, their fathers-in-law, their sons, their stepsons, their brothers, their brothers’ sons or sisters’ sons, their fellow women, slaves whom they own, male attendants who have no [sexual] desire[22], or children who are still unaware of private aspects of women. Nor let them stamp their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden charm. And turn to Allah in repentance all together, O believers, so that you may be successful. ——— [19] Both natural beauty such as hair and body shape, and other beauty such as clothing, jewelry, etc. [20] i.e., outer garments, etc. [21] i.e., hair, neck, arms, legs, etc. [22] An abnormal condition where a man is devoid of sexual feelings.

Arrange marriages for those of you who are unmarried[23], and for the righteous of your bondmen and bondwomen. If they are poor, Allah will suffice them from His bounty, for Allah is All-Bountiful, All-Knowing. ——— [23] Males or females.

Let those who cannot afford marriage keep themselves chaste until Allah suffices them from His bounty. If any of your slaves wishes to enter the contract of emancipation[24], make this contract with them, if you find goodness in them, and give them some of the wealth that Allah has given you. Do not compel your slave girls into prostitution – if they wish to keep chaste – seeking the worldly gains of this life[25]. But if anyone compels them, then Allah, after such a compulsion, is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. ——— [24] i.e., those slaves who want to purchase their freedom for a specific price. [25] As happened with Abdullah ibn ’Ubayy, the head of the hypocrites, who forced his two slave-girls to commit illegal sexual acts for worldly gains, while they wished to keep chaste.

We have sent down to you verses clarifying the right path, and examples of those who passed on before you, and an admonition for those who fear Allah.

Allah is the Light[26] of the heavens and earth. The likeness of His light[27] is that of a niche in which is a lamp; the lamp is in a glass; the glass is like a shining star – it is lit by [the oil of] a blessed olive tree, which is neither of the east nor of the west[28]. Its oil would almost glow, even without being touched by fire. Light upon light; Allah guides to His light whom He wills. Allah sets forth comparisons for people, and Allah is All-Knowing of everything. ——— [26] i.e., the source and Bestower of light. [27] The light of guidance in the heart of the believer. [28] As it is located in a central place, so it is hit by sunrays all day long; thus, its oil is of premium quality.

[Such niches are lit] in the houses [of worship] which Allah has ordered to raise up, and where His Name is mentioned, and He is glorified therein morning and evening

by men who are not distracted by buying or selling from the remembrance of Allah, or from performing prayer or giving zakah. They fear a Day when hearts and eyes will be petrified.

[They hope] that Allah may reward them according to their best deeds, and give them yet more out of His bounty, for Allah gives provision to whom He wills without limit.

As for those who disbelieve, their deeds are like a mirage in a plain desert, which a thirsty person deems to be water, until when he reaches it, he finds nothing, but he finds Allah there [in the Hereafter], thus He will pay him his account in full, for Allah is swift in reckoning.

Or [their deeds] are like layers of darkness in a deep sea covered by waves upon waves, above which are clouds - layers of darkness, one above another. If one stretches out his hand, he can hardly see it. Whoever Allah does not give light will have no light at all.

Do you not see that all those who are in the heavens and earth glorify Allah, as do the birds with wings outspread? Each knows its [way of] praying and glorification. And Allah is All-Knowing of what they do.

To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and earth, and to Allah is the final return.

Do you not see that Allah drives the clouds, then gathers them together, then turns them into a heap, and then you see raindrops coming out from their midst? He sends down hail from mountains [of clouds] in the sky, raining it down upon whoever He wills and turning it away from whoever He wills. The flash of its lightning almost takes away eyesight.

Allah alternates the night and day. Indeed, there is a lesson in this for people of insight.

Allah created every living creature from water. Some of them move on their bellies, and some walk on two legs and some walk on four. Allah creates what He wills. Allah is the Most Capable of all things.

We have sent down verses making things clear, and Allah guides whom He wills to a straight path.

The hypocrites say, “We believe in Allah and in the Messenger, and we obey.” Then a party of them turns away after that. Such are not believers.

When they are called to Allah and His Messenger so that he may judge between them, a party of them turns away.

But if the right is in their favor, they come to him in full submission[29]. ——— [29] For they care for their own interests and desires, not submission to the right judgment.

Is there sickness in their hearts, or do they have doubt, or do they fear that Allah and His messenger will be unjust to them? Rather, it is they who are the wrongdoers.

As for the believers, when they are called to Allah and His Messenger so that he may judge between them, they say, “We listen and obey.” It is they who are successful.

Whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, and fears Allah and is conscious of Him – it is they who are the triumphant.

The hypocrites swear by Allah their most solemn oaths that if you order them, they will surely march forth. Say, “Do not swear, [your] obedience is well known[30]. Allah is All-Aware of what you do.” ——— [30] This is said in a sarcastic way; i.e., your obedience is well known to be a lie.

Say, “Obey Allah and obey the Messenger. But if you turn away, he is only responsible for his duty[31] and you are responsible for your duty[32]. If you obey him, you will be guided. The duty of the Messenger is only to convey the message clearly.” ——— [31] The Prophet’s duty is only to convey the message. [32] Their duty is to obey the Prophet (ﷺ) and submit to the will of Allah.

Allah has promised those among you who believe and do righteous deeds that He will make them successors in the land, as He made those who came before them, and He will surely establish for them their religion which He has chosen for them, and He will surely change their state of fear into security; that they worship Me, not associating anything with Me. But whoever disbelieves[33] after that, it is they who are the rebellious. ——— [33] i.e., denies Allah's favor or does not live by His ordinance.

Establish prayer, give zakah and obey the Messenger, so that you may be shown mercy.

Do not think that the disbelievers can escape in the land. Their abode will be the Fire. What a terrible destination!

O you who believe, let your slaves and those among you who have not reached puberty ask for your permission [to enter] at three times: before dawn prayer, when you take off your outer garments at noon, and after the night prayer; three times of privacy[34] for you. Beyond that there is no blame on you nor on them to move about freely, attending to one another. This is how Allah makes the verses clear to you, for Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. ——— [34] ‘Awrāt: (sing. ‘Awrah) lit., "exposure" or "being uncovered."

When your children reach the age of puberty, let them ask permission [to enter], as their elders do. This is how Allah makes His verses clear to you, for Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

As for elderly women who have no interest in marriage, there is no blame on them if they take off their outer garments without revealing their beauty. But if they modestly refrain from it, that is better for them. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

There is no blame on a blind person, nor on the lame, nor on the sick[35], nor on yourselves[36] if you eat from your houses or from your fathers’ houses or your mothers’ houses or your brothers’ houses or your sisters’ houses or your paternal uncles’ houses, or your paternal aunts’ houses or your maternal uncles’ houses or your maternal aunts’ houses or from the houses the keys of which are in your possession, or your friends’ houses. There is no blame on you if you eat together or separately. But when you enter houses, greet one another with greetings of peace from Allah, which is blessed and delightful. This is how Allah makes the verses clear to you, so that you may understand. ——— [35] These three people are excused for not participating in Jihad. [36] O believers.

The true believers are those who believe in Allah and His Messenger. When they are with him on a public matter, they do not leave until they ask his permission. Those who ask your permission are the ones who believe in Allah and His Messenger. So when they ask your permission for a private matter, give permission to whom you will from among them, and ask Allah’s forgiveness for them, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Do not consider the Messenger’s summons to you as your summons to one another[37]. Allah surely knows those of you who slip away hiding behind others. So let those who disobey his command beware lest some trial[38] may afflict them or they may be afflicted with a painful punishment. ——— [37] i.e., Do not call him, ‘O Muhammad.’ Rather, call him, ‘O Prophet.’ [38] i.e., affliction, strife, dissension, etc.

Surely to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and earth. He knows all what you do[39]. On the Day they return to Him, He will inform them of what they did. And Allah is All-Knowing of everything. ——— [39] i.e., whether you are sincere in your faith and deeds or not.

Blessed is the One Who has sent down the Criterion to His slave, so that he may be a warner to the worlds[1], ——— [1] i.e., both men and jinn.

He to Whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and earth, Who has never begotten a son, and has no partner in His dominion. He has created everything and measured it precisely.

They have taken besides Him other gods who can create nothing but are themselves created. Nor do they have the power to harm or benefit themselves, nor do they have the power to cause death, give life or resurrect the dead.

Those who disbelieve say, “This [Qur’an] is nothing but a lie which he has fabricated, with the help of other people.” What they claim is totally unjust and false.

And they say, “Ancient fables which he has written down; they are dictated to him morning and evening.”

Say, “It has been sent down by the One Who knows the secrets of the heavens and earth. He is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

And they say, “What kind of messenger is this who eats food and walks in the markets?[2] If only an angel had been sent down to him to be a warner with him, ——— [2] i.e., He is just a human being like us.

or a treasure had been cast down to him, or he had a garden to eat from it.” The wrongdoers say, “You are following none but a bewitched man.”

See how they call you names[3]. Thus they have gone astray and cannot find a way. ——— [3] Such as a magician, a poet, a liar, a madman, and a bewitched.

Blessed is He Who, if He wills, could give you better than that: gardens under which rivers flow, and could give you palaces.

But they deny the Hour, and We have prepared for those who deny the Hour[4] a Blazing Fire. ——— [4] i.e., the Resurrection Day.

When it sees them from a far distance, they will hear its raging and roaring.

And when they are thrown into a narrow space therein, chained together, they will cry out for death.

Do not cry out this Day for death only once, but cry out many times.”

Say, “Is that better or the Eternal Paradise which has been promised to the righteous?” It will be as a reward for them and as a final destination.

They will have there whatever they wish for, abiding therein forever. That is a promise that your Lord has taken upon Himself.”

On the Day when He will gather them along with those whom they worshiped besides Allah[5], He will say, “Did you mislead these slaves of Mine, or did they stray from the right way on their own?” ——— [5] i.e., Jesus, angels, pious men, saints, etc.

They will say, “Glory be to You! It was not for us to take besides You any guardians. But You provided for them and their forefathers pleasures, until they forgot the message, for they were a ruined people.”

Thus they will deny all what you say[6], so you cannot avert [punishment] nor can you get any help. Whoever among you does wrong[7], We will make him taste a great punishment. ——— [6] i.e., False gods will deny their worshipers on the Day of Judgment. [7] i.e., associate partners with Allah.

We did not send any messengers before you [O Prophet] except that they ate food and walked in the markets. We have made some of you as a trial for others. Will you have patience? For your Lord is All-Seeing.

Those who do not expect to meet Us say, “Why are angels not sent down to us or why do we not see our Lord?” They have been too proud of themselves, and have transgressed immensely.

On the Day when they see the angels[8], there will be no glad tidings for the wicked, and [the angels] will say, “Absolutely forbidden for you[9].” ——— [8] i.e., upon death, after death, upon resurrection, etc. [9] Referring to all good things.

We will turn to whatever deeds they did and turn them into scattered dust[10]. ——— [10] Good deeds of the disbelievers will be of no avail to them on Judgment Day, such as charity, due to their disbelief and denial of the afterlife.

On that Day the people of Paradise will have the best abode and the finest resting place.

On the Day when the sky will split asunder with clouds, and the angels will be sent down in succession.

The true dominion on that Day belongs to the Most Compassionate[11], and it will be a hard day for the disbelievers. ——— [11] On Judgment Day the whole authority will be for Allah alone; whereas, in this world, Allah gave some authority to kings, rulers, etc.

On that Day, the wrongdoer will bite his hands saying, “Would that I had taken a way with the Messenger[12]! ——— [12] i.e., followed the Prophet (ﷺ).

Woe to me! Would that I had not taken so-and-so[13] as a close friend! ——— [13] i.e., the one who misguided him.

He led me astray from the Reminder[14] after it had come to me.” Satan always betrays man[15]. ——— [14] i.e., the Qur’an or Allah’s remembrance. [15] Forsakes him after leading him into evil.

The Messenger said, “O my Lord, my people have taken this Qur’an as a thing to be abandoned[16].” ——— [16] i.e., not reading it; not listening to it; not understanding it; not living by it; not conveying it to others; preferring something else to it, etc.

Thus did we assign for every prophet an enemy from among the wicked, but your Lord is sufficient as a Guide and Helper.

Those who disbelieve say, “Why was the Qur’an not sent down to him all at once?” [We sent it] in this way so that We may strengthen your heart thereby, and We have revealed it in a gradual manner.

Whenever they bring you an argument, We bring you the truth and the best explanation.

Those who will be dragged on their faces to Hell – they will be in the worst position and farthest astray from the right path.

We gave Moses the Scripture and appointed along with him his brother Aaron as a helper.

We said, “Go, both of you, to the people who have rejected Our signs[17].” Then We destroyed them utterly. ——— [17] i.e., the divine teachings reached them through Prophet Jacob and Joseph, and the righteous people of Israel.

Also the people of Noah, when they rejected the messengers[18], We drowned them and made them an example for mankind. And We have prepared for the wrongdoers a painful punishment. ——— [18] Denial of Noah was equal to denying all of Allah’s messengers.

Also [We destroyed] ‘Ād and Thamūd, and the people of the Well[19], and many generations between them. ——— [19] i.e., people of prophet Shuʿayb, or those mentioned in Surah Yā Sīn (36:13-29), or a tribe of Thamūd, etc. Rass (lit., well); for they killed their prophet by throwing him into or hanging him down an old or dry well. (Well)

To each We gave examples [of the previous nations], and each We destroyed completely.

They have surely passed by the town[20] that was destroyed by a terrible rain [of stones]. Have they not seen it? But they do not expect to be resurrected[21]. ——— [20] i.e., the city of Sodom; the people of Prophet Lot. [21] So they do not take lessons from the doom of the past nations.

When they see you [O Prophet], they only ridicule you, “Is this the one whom Allah has sent as a messenger?

He would have almost led us astray from our gods if we had not been so devoted to them.” But when they see the punishment, they will come to know who is further astray from the right way.

Have you [O Prophet] seen the one who takes his desire as his god, will you then be a keeper over him?

Do you think that most of them hear or understand?[22] They are just like cattle[23], rather they are further astray from the right way. ——— [22] They follow others blindly. [23] i.e., like livestock or sheep, that follow without asking wherever they are led.

Do you not see how your Lord extends the shade? If He had willed, He could have made it still. Then We made the sun an indication of it[24]. ——— [24] i.e., indication for its existence or making it apparent.

Then We gradually draw it towards Us [i.e., Then the sun climbs up]?

It is He Who has made the night as a garment[25] for you, and made sleep for rest; and has made daytime for returning to life[26]. ——— [25] It covers you in darkness and provides rest. [26] To return to your livelihood and activity.

It is He Who sends the winds as harbingers before His mercy, and We send down from the sky pure water,

so that We may revive therewith a dead land, and quench the thirst of countless beasts and humans We have created.

We distribute it among them so that they may take heed[27], but most people persist in their ingratitude. ——— [27] Such as Allah’s ability to bring the dead to life.

If We had willed, We could have sent to each town a warner[28]. ——— [28] But instead, Allah sent Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as the final messenger for all people.

So do not obey the disbelievers, but strive against them with this [Qur’an] a great striving.

It is He Who merges the two bodies of water: one fresh and palatable and the other salty and bitter, and He has made between them a barrier and an insurmountable partition[29]. ——— [29] When salt and fresh waters meet, although both mix together, each still keeps its distinctive qualities, as if a barrier prevents them from mixing completely.

It is He Who created human beings from water[30], then made between them bonds of kinship and marriage, for your Lord is Most Capable. ——— [30] i.e., the zygote (the mixture of sperm and egg).

Yet they worship besides Allah that which can neither benefit nor harm them; the disbeliever always collaborates against his Lord[31]. ——— [31] i.e., helping and defending those who rebel against Allah.

We have not sent you [O Prophet] except as a bearer of glad tidings and a warner.

Say, “I do not ask you for any reward for it, except that anyone who wishes to take a path to his Lord[32].” ——— [32] By spending in the way of Allah.

Put your trust in the Ever-Living Who never dies, and glorify Him with praise. He is Sufficient as All-Aware of the sins of His slaves –

it is He Who created the heavens and earth and all that is between them in six Days[33], then rose over the Throne[34]. He is the Most Compassionate, so ask about Him the One Who is All-Aware. ——— [33] The "six Days" does not necessarily mean six 24 hours of time; for a heavenly Day is 1,000 years of our time. (see 22:47), whereas the Day of Judgment will be 50,000 years of our time (see 70:4). Hence, its duration is only known to Allah. [34] See footnote 7:54.

When it is said to them, “Prostrate to the Most Compassionate,” they say, “What is ‘the Most Compassionate?’ Shall we prostrate to what you order us?” And it only increases their aversion.

Blessed is He Who placed in the sky constellations and placed therein a radiant lamp[35] and a luminous moon. ——— [35] i.e., the sun.

It is He Who made the night and the day to follow each other so that everyone who wishes may reflect or become grateful.

The slaves of the Most Compassionate are those who walk on earth humbly[36], and when the ignorant address them, they only say words of peace[37]; ——— [36] i.e., without arrogance, but with dignity. [37] i.e., words free from evil.

and those who spend the night prostrating and standing before their Lord;

and those who say, “Our Lord, turn the punishment of Hell away from us, for its punishment is unrelenting[38].” ——— [38] i.e., ever adhering.

It is an evil place to settle and an evil abode.”

And those who neither spend wastefully nor stingily, but are moderate between them;

and those who do not invoke besides Allah another god, and who do not kill a soul whom Allah has forbidden, except in the course of justice, and who do not commit adultery, for whoever does any of this will face the penalty,

the punishment will be doubled for him on the Day of Resurrection, wherein he will remain disgraced forever,

except those who repent and believe, and do righteous deeds; for them Allah will change their evil deeds into good deeds, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Whoever repents and does righteous deeds has turned to Allah with sincere repentance.

And those who do not witness falsehood[39], and when they pass by futility, they pass by with dignity; ——— [39] i.e., places of sin, evil, and indecency.

and those who, when they are reminded of the verses of their Lord, they do not turn a deaf ear or a blind eye to them;

and those who say, “Our Lord, let our spouses and children be a source of joy for us[40], and make us good examples for the righteous.” ——— [40] i.e., a source of happiness for their righteousness and adhering to a straight path.

It is they who will be rewarded with high palaces [in Paradise] for their perseverance, and they will be received therein with salutations and greetings of peace,

abiding therein forever. What an excellent abode and a resting place!

Say [O Prophet], “My Lord would not care at all about you, were it not for your supplication[41]. Now since you have rejected [the truth], the inevitable is bound to come[42].” ——— [41] i.e., faith and worship. [42] Or it will be adhering to you.